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were carried out to obtain the flow and
sliding parameters for Hoffellsjökull that resulted in a good
simulation of the observed 20th century evolution of the
glacier geometry. The obtained values for the rate factor
and the sliding parameter are A= 4.6× 10−15 s−1 kPa−3 and
C = 10× 10−15 m a−1 Pa−3, respectively.
The ice divide is kept at a fixed location in the model com-
putations presented here
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
which are significantly lower com-
pared with similar beginning and end years. Consequently, for the 2004–50 period, the average
RCM warming rates of 0.29 K per decade over the ocean, and 0.35 K per decade over the land are
somewhat larger than for the reduced IPCC ensemble mean.
Additionally, the tabulated values of SAT differences between the 1961–90 control period and
either the 2021–50
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
J600v berg 2.utg) were also used in this study.
Table 1. Main characteristics of river basins used in this study.
River Name Type Area Mean Percentage Mean annual Period
/ (km2) elevation glacier precipitation for
Gauging (m a.s.l) (mm) streamflow
station (1961-2014) data
vhm59 Ytri-Rangá L 622 365 0 1564 1961–2014
vhm64 Ölfusá L+D+J+S 5687 480 12.2 2003 1950–2014
vhm66 Hvítá (Borgarfirði) L+J 1577
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
with 20% and 2% for the HIRHAM experiments
using HadAM3H and with 30% and 7% for the ECHAM-
driven experiments for Middle Europe and Scandinavia,
respectively.
[18] RCM output is not available for the entire period
1961–2100 because transient RCM simulations are com-
putationally very demanding. Instead two 30-year time
slices are available; one representative for the climate in
the period 1961–1990
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
in
Norway was provided by the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE).
TóJ 12 5.12.2009
Memo
References
Bahr, D. B., M. F. Meier and S. D. Peckham. 1997. The physical basis of glacier volume–area
scaling. J. Geophys. Res., 102(B9), 20,355–20,362.
Björnsson, H., and F. Pálsson. 2008. Icelandic glaciers. Jökull, 58, 365–386.
Fenger, J. (Ed.). 2007. Impacts of Climate Change on Renewable
/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf
; fax: +358 20 490 2590.
E-mail address: Noora.Veijalainen@ymparisto.fi (N. Veijalainen).
Journal of Hydrology 391 (2010) 333–350
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Hydrology
journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/ locate / jhydrol
Author's personal copy
narios from GCMs or RCMs, and with different emission scenarios
(e.g. Menzel et al., 2006; Minville et al., 2008; Prudhomme and Da
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
Icelandic glaciers. Jo¨kull 58,
365386.
Bjo¨rnsson H., Pa´lsson F. & Haraldsson H.H. 2002. Mass balance
of Vatnajo¨kull (19912001) and Langjo¨kull (19962001),
Iceland. Jo¨kull 51, 7578.
Bouillon A., Bernard M., Gigord P., Orsoni A., Rudowski V. &
Baudoin A. 2006. SPOT 5 HRS geometry performance: using
block adjustments as a key issue to improve quality of DEM
generation. ISPRS Journal
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
to theoretical framework. I do also want to thank him for an
enjoyable time during this work, both in the office and in the field.
This work was carried out as a part of the Skaftá cauldrons research project which
was funded and supported by the Icelandic Centre For Research (RANNÍS), Kvískerja-
sjóður, the NASA Astrobiology Institute, Landsvirkjun (the National Power Com-
pany), the National Energy
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
the com-
plexity of the hydrological processes through modelling, but its application is usually limited to
the short-range. Although the results demonstrated a great potential for this method, its success-
ful application in real-time will strongly depend on the quality and availability of streamflow
observations, which can be poor or simply missing during periods of variable durations, e.g
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_006.pdf