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(DGPS) equipment
in 2001. Continuous profiles, approximately 1 km apart,
were measured in the accumulation zone and a dense net-
work of point measurements were carried out in the abla-
tion zone. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of the surface
and bedrock were created from these data (Fig. 2; Björns-
son and Pálsson, 2004). The estimated errors are at most
1–5 m (bias less than 1 m) for the surface
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
1998] and RCM output such
as incoming and outgoing, short- and long-wave radiation,
temperature, water vapor pressure, and wind speed:
ETref ¼
0:408D Rn Gð Þ þ g 900T þ 273 u2 es eað Þ
Dþ g 1þ 0:34u2ð Þ ð3Þ
where ETref is reference evapotranspiration (mm d1), Rn is
net radiation at the crop surface (MJ m2 d1), G is soil heat
flux density (MJ m2 d1), T is mean daily air temperature
at 2 m
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
is ice flux and b is mass balance. For (small) changes
in glacier geometry with respect to a datum (often steady) state, perturbations in ice thickness,
flux and mass balance will satisfy
¶(Dh)
¶t
+
¶(Dq)
¶x
= Db or
¶(Dh)
¶t
+~ (D~q) = Db : (2)
Changes in mass balance are the driving factor of glacier changes in climate change simu-
lations. If the datum glacier is initially comparatively close
/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf
to increase in Finland by 13–26% by the 2080s (Ruosteenoja
and Jylhä, 2007) and extreme precipitations are expected to in-
crease (Beniston et al., 2007). On the other hand, temperature in-
creases of 2–6 C by the end of the century are estimated to
decrease the snow accumulation by 40–70% by the same period
(Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997; Beldring et al., 2006; Ruosteeno-
ja and Jylhä, 2007
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
J600v berg 2.utg) were also used in this study.
Table 1. Main characteristics of river basins used in this study.
River Name Type Area Mean Percentage Mean annual Period
/ (km2) elevation glacier precipitation for
Gauging (m a.s.l) (mm) streamflow
station (1961-2014) data
vhm59 Ytri-Rangá L 622 365 0 1564 1961–2014
vhm64 Ölfusá L+D+J+S 5687 480 12.2 2003 1950–2014
vhm66 Hvítá (Borgarfirði) L+J 1577
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
temperature at 2 mAGL...................................................................... 23
11 Upward latent heat flux from the ground ..................................................... 25
12 Net downward energy flux at the surface, without snowmelt ............................ 27
13 Net downward energy flux at the surface, with snowmelt ................................ 29
14 Average downward
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
] URL:
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art41/
Synthesis, part of a Special Feature on Implementing Participatory Water Management: Recent
Advances in Theory, Practice and Evaluation
Informal Participatory Platforms for Adaptive Management. Insights
into Niche-finding, Collaborative Design and Outcomes from a
Participatory Process in the Rhine Basin
Sabine Moellenkamp 1, Machiel Lamers 2/media/loftslag/Daniell_etal-2010.pdf