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the endof melting and before fresh snow starts to fall. Thewinter (bw) and summer balance (bs) are calculatedseparately and the resulting net balance (bn) is cal-culated as the sum of the two components,
bn = bw + bs (1)
where bs is negative. The mass balance profiles aremade by plotting point measurements of winter and
summer balance versus altitude, and their mean
values for each 50 m elevation
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
961–975, 2011
966 G. Aðalgeirsdóttir et al.: 20th and 21st century evolution of Hoffellsjökull glacier
Table 1. Specific winter (bw), summer (bs) and net balance (bn) for
Hoffellsjökull in mw.e. a−1. A conservative error estimate is on the
order of 15–20 % for both bw and bs.
Glacier year bw bs bn
1935–1936 2.0 −3.4 −1.4
1936–1937 2.4 −2.1 0.3
1937–1938 1.7 −2.4 −0.6
2000–2001 2.0 −2.1 −0.1
2001
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
....................................................................................... 10
3 September 2012 .................................................................................. 12
3 Radiation fluxes at the surface ....................................................................... 16
4 Heat fluxes at the surface .............................................................................. 21
5 Net energy
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
anomalies of the WTs during the periods leading up to the five
most severe droughts as compared to the average frequency of a given WT for the same
period of the year over the entire data record. A period equal to dreg preceding the drought
plus the 20 first days of the drought was used. All WTs with a net positive frequency anomaly
over the five events were considered to be associated
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf
of how climate change will
impact our countries” says Árni.A sustainable solution Powered entirely by Icelandic hydropower and geothermal energy sources
and taking advantage of the local tempered climate for keeping the
supercomputer components cool, the running costs and CO2 footprint
will be kept to a minimum, saving tonnes of CO2 in line with the
four nations' efforts towards reaching Net/about-imo/news/joining-forces-in-weather-forecasting-and-climate-research
recorded at 5-13 km depth, but fewer than
yesterday.
GPS deformation: Measurements from around Eyjafjallajökull indicate no major net
discplaceaments, suggesting a stabilization of the surface deformation
since yesterday.
Other remarks: Grainsize analysis of samples taken of ash that fell on May 3rd at 64
km distance from the eruption site shows that about 5 % of the ash is
smaller
/media/jar/Eyjafjallajokull_status_2010-05-07_IES_IMO.pdf
opportunity evaluation
Case studies
NOE Net
SEAS-NVE
Findings of case studies
• Distribution companies generally well
equipped for climate change
– Cabling of all overhead lines well under way
– Distribution boxes in areas with increased risk of
flooding are elevated already
– Salt spray further inland is becoming an increasing
problem for substations and transformers
Cabling in Denmark
/media/ces/James-Smith_Edward_CES_2010.pdf
)
is shown. At the margin the grid boxes of the RCAO RCM are
visible. The area between Illulisat and Swiss camp is commonly
called Paakitsôq.
respectively. The Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) Swiss Camp and Crawford are located
on the ice sheet and are operated by the Greenland Climate Network (GC-net) (Steffen and
Box, 2001). The locations of the stations are indicated in Fig. 1, further details
/media/ces/ces_geus_paakitsoq_full_report.pdf
operational cost, etc.) and the annual
revenues
• consider an appropriate discount rate and assess NPV (net present
value), IRR (internal rate of return), and net cash flows
• rank alternatives by score level
• SCBA: social CBA – total benefits -/- total costs for society, in this
case benefits and costs often don’t accrue (entirely) to the same
organisation due to the public nature of a project
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf