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-free land areas is a difference in elevation.
Due to this height difference alone, lower temperatures are to be expected over snow-covered
regions, with reduced upward longwave radiation fluxes.
28
Figure 13. Net downward energy flux at the surface, with snowmelt, based on HARMONIE
model simulations.
29
Average downward radiation and heat fluxes on 27 July are shown in Figures 14 and 15
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
1998] and RCM output such
as incoming and outgoing, short- and long-wave radiation,
temperature, water vapor pressure, and wind speed:
ETref ¼
0:408D Rn Gð Þ þ g 900T þ 273 u2 es eað Þ
Dþ g 1þ 0:34u2ð Þ ð3Þ
where ETref is reference evapotranspiration (mm d1), Rn is
net radiation at the crop surface (MJ m2 d1), G is soil heat
flux density (MJ m2 d1), T is mean daily air temperature
at 2 m
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
Manage- Basic Purchase Road Road net- Const- Acquisi- Govern- Com- Participati- Value Miscel- Total 2009
ment and road of equip- system work post- ruction tion of ment missi- on of the added laneous cost
operating manage- ment develop- poned-, of land grants ons European tax over- level
costs ment ment comprehen- build- and com- Regional De- heads
1991- 1991- sive- and ings pensation
/media/loftslag/Traffc-maintenance_expenditures.pdf
(DGPS) equipment
in 2001. Continuous profiles, approximately 1 km apart,
were measured in the accumulation zone and a dense net-
work of point measurements were carried out in the abla-
tion zone. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of the surface
and bedrock were created from these data (Fig. 2; Björns-
son and Pálsson, 2004). The estimated errors are at most
1–5 m (bias less than 1 m) for the surface
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
operational cost, etc.) and the annual
revenues
• consider an appropriate discount rate and assess NPV (net present
value), IRR (internal rate of return), and net cash flows
• rank alternatives by score level
• SCBA: social CBA – total benefits -/- total costs for society, in this
case benefits and costs often don’t accrue (entirely) to the same
organisation due to the public nature of a project
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf
-corrected SPOT 5
high-resolution geometric (HRG) images with 2.5 m
2.5 m spatial resolution, acquired in the autumn 2003
and (4) airborne polarimetric synthetic aperture radar
images observed simultaneously to the 1998 EMISAR
images and the EMISAR DEM viewed as a shaded
relief image (Magnu´sson et al. 2005b).
We estimate the average specific net mass balance (in
m yr1 w. eq.) as
bn r
DV
A1 N
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
precipitation and time of year (an index for
available net radiation) (Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997). This
equation has been calibrated and verified against observations of
Class A pan evaporation values (Vehviläinen and Huttunen,
1997). The actual evaporation is calculated from potential evapora-
tion and the soil moisture deficit. The changes in temperature and
precipitation affect
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
of how climate change will
impact our countries” says Árni.A sustainable solution Powered entirely by Icelandic hydropower and geothermal energy sources
and taking advantage of the local tempered climate for keeping the
supercomputer components cool, the running costs and CO2 footprint
will be kept to a minimum, saving tonnes of CO2 in line with the
four nations' efforts towards reaching Net/about-imo/news/joining-forces-in-weather-forecasting-and-climate-research