-free land areas is a difference in elevation.
Due to this height difference alone, lower temperatures are to be expected over snow-covered
regions, with reduced upward longwave radiation fluxes.
28
Figure 13. Net downward energy flux at the surface, with snowmelt, based on HARMONIE
model simulations.
29
Average downward radiation and heat fluxes on 27 July are shown in Figures 14 and 15
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
operational cost, etc.) and the annual
revenues
• consider an appropriate discount rate and assess NPV (net present
value), IRR (internal rate of return), and net cash flows
• rank alternatives by score level
• SCBA: social CBA – total benefits -/- total costs for society, in this
case benefits and costs often don’t accrue (entirely) to the same
organisation due to the public nature of a project
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf
Manage- Basic Purchase Road Road net- Const- Acquisi- Govern- Com- Participati- Value Miscel- Total 2009
ment and road of equip- system work post- ruction tion of ment missi- on of the added laneous cost
operating manage- ment develop- poned-, of land grants ons European tax over- level
costs ment ment comprehen- build- and com- Regional De- heads
1991- 1991- sive- and ings pensation
/media/loftslag/Traffc-maintenance_expenditures.pdf
about 28% and losses from the polar ice sheets
contributing the remainder. From 1993 to 2003 the sum of these
climate contributions is consistent within uncertainties with the total
sea level rise that is directly observed. {WGI 4.6, 4.8, 5.5, SPM, Table
SPM.1}
Observed decreases in snow and ice extent are also consistent
with warming (Figure 1.1). Satellite data since 1978 show that an-
nual average
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
............................................................................... 20
Räisänen, J.
Probability distributions of monthly-to-annual mean temperature and precipitation in a changing climate ......... 22
Nikulin, G., Kjellström, E., Hansson, U., Strandberg G. and Ullerstig A.
Nordic weather extremes as simulated by the Rossby Centre Regional Climate Model: Model evaluation and
future projections
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf
1998] and RCM output such
as incoming and outgoing, short- and long-wave radiation,
temperature, water vapor pressure, and wind speed:
ETref ¼
0:408D Rn Gð Þ þ g 900T þ 273 u2 es eað Þ
Dþ g 1þ 0:34u2ð Þ ð3Þ
where ETref is reference evapotranspiration (mm d1), Rn is
net radiation at the crop surface (MJ m2 d1), G is soil heat
flux density (MJ m2 d1), T is mean daily air temperature
at 2 m
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
)
is shown. At the margin the grid boxes of the RCAO RCM are
visible. The area between Illulisat and Swiss camp is commonly
called Paakitsôq.
respectively. The Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) Swiss Camp and Crawford are located
on the ice sheet and are operated by the Greenland Climate Network (GC-net) (Steffen and
Box, 2001). The locations of the stations are indicated in Fig. 1, further details
/media/ces/ces_geus_paakitsoq_full_report.pdf
of how climate change will
impact our countries” says Árni.A sustainable solution Powered entirely by Icelandic hydropower and geothermal energy sources
and taking advantage of the local tempered climate for keeping the
supercomputer components cool, the running costs and CO2 footprint
will be kept to a minimum, saving tonnes of CO2 in line with the
four nations' efforts towards reaching Net/about-imo/news/joining-forces-in-weather-forecasting-and-climate-research
-temporal terrestrial laser scanner data
Kjetil Melvold and Thomas Skaugen ................................................................................... 28
Spatial variability of snow depth determined from airborne laser scanning: implication for
snow course design example from Hardangervidda southern Norway
Finnur Pálsson, Eyjólfur Magnússon, Sverrir Guðmundsson, Helgi Björnsson , Hannes
/media/vatnafar/joklar/Reykholt-abstracts.pdf