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temperature at 2 mAGL...................................................................... 23
11 Upward latent heat flux from the ground ..................................................... 25
12 Net downward energy flux at the surface, without snowmelt ............................ 27
13 Net downward energy flux at the surface, with snowmelt ................................ 29
14 Average downward
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
(CBA can be subset
of SCBA)
• CEA: cost-effectiveness analysis – this is used if for (a part of)
the intended impacts no (shadow) price can be established (or
when that is contentious)
26.8.2011Adriaan Perrels/IL 9
Cost-benefit analysis – the basics 2
• Metrics:
• Net present value (NPV) :
• Internal Rate of Return (IRR): r = r* such that NPV = 0
• Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C ratio):
• Macro
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf
by a specialist at 28 Apr 13:40 GMT
Avalanche bulletins for selected areas
The avalanche bulletin is at a regional scale. It does not necessarily represent avalanche danger in urban areas.
Southwest corner
Sat Apr 29
Low danger
Sun Apr 30
Low danger
Mon May 01
/avalanches/forecast
by a specialist at 28 Apr 13:40 GMT
Avalanche bulletins for selected areas
The avalanche bulletin is at a regional scale. It does not necessarily represent avalanche danger in urban areas.
Southwest corner
Sat Apr 29
Low danger
Sun Apr 30
Low danger
Mon May 01
/avalanches/forecast/
Hydropower
Thermal production
Energy balance
CO2-emissions
Average annual in ow, TWh/year
Sintef Energy Research Quantitative system analysis 10 of 21
Introduction
Electricity system model
Simulation results
Summary and concluding remarks
Hydropower
Thermal production
Energy balance
CO2-emissions
Annual average reservoir level over the year, GWh
0 14 28 42 52
0
0:5
1
1:5
22:5
3
3:5
104
Week
Reservoi
/media/ces/Mo_Birger_CES_2010.pdf
gale or severe gale warning (average wind velocity 20 to 28 m/s) is in effect for all parts of Iceland today, and in Westfjords and tonight and tomorrow.
Weather forecast for the next 26 hours:
Today (Wednesday): East winds, 20 to 28 m/s with snow in the south and west part of Iceland, but later sleet and rain by the coast. East 18 to 28 m/s in the afternoon, strongest winds by the coast
/about-imo/news/nr/3093
1998] and RCM output such
as incoming and outgoing, short- and long-wave radiation,
temperature, water vapor pressure, and wind speed:
ETref ¼
0:408D Rn Gð Þ þ g 900T þ 273 u2 es eað Þ
Dþ g 1þ 0:34u2ð Þ ð3Þ
where ETref is reference evapotranspiration (mm d1), Rn is
net radiation at the crop surface (MJ m2 d1), G is soil heat
flux density (MJ m2 d1), T is mean daily air temperature
at 2 m
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf