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temperature at 2 mAGL...................................................................... 23
11 Upward latent heat flux from the ground ..................................................... 25
12 Net downward energy flux at the surface, without snowmelt ............................ 27
13 Net downward energy flux at the surface, with snowmelt ................................ 29
14 Average downward
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
Manage- Basic Purchase Road Road net- Const- Acquisi- Govern- Com- Participati- Value Miscel- Total 2009
ment and road of equip- system work post- ruction tion of ment missi- on of the added laneous cost
operating manage- ment develop- poned-, of land grants ons European tax over- level
costs ment ment comprehen- build- and com- Regional De- heads
1991- 1991- sive- and ings pensation
/media/loftslag/Traffc-maintenance_expenditures.pdf
22N) from till
Illulisat DMI 50 10 105 497382 7681278 Ta 1.1.81 6.4.06
Station 437 ASIAQ 275 340 311 531316 7709513 Ta 5.9.83 1.6.06
Swiss Camp GC-net 1150 1115 780 566396 7719204 Ta, Sin 1.1.95 8.5.06
Crawford GC-net 2022 1795 1982 654464 7757807 Ta, Sin 24.5.95 2.5.06
2
2.3 RCM Data
Output from two RCMs is used: (1) the regional coupled ocean-atmosphere model RCAO
(Döscher et al., 2002) and (2/media/ces/ces_geus_paakitsoq_full_report.pdf
(CBA can be subset
of SCBA)
• CEA: cost-effectiveness analysis – this is used if for (a part of)
the intended impacts no (shadow) price can be established (or
when that is contentious)
26.8.2011Adriaan Perrels/IL 9
Cost-benefit analysis – the basics 2
• Metrics:
• Net present value (NPV) :
• Internal Rate of Return (IRR): r = r* such that NPV = 0
• Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C ratio):
• Macro
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf
to highly
negative summer balances, but also lower bw than
the average for 1949–2006. Calculated change in
specific mass balance for a ±1°C change in air tem-
perature was ±0.55 m w.e., whereas a ±10 % in-
crease in precipitation represented a change of ±
0.20 m w.e. Model results further indicated that for
a 2°C warming, the ablation season will be extend-
ed by c. 30 days and that the period
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
loop learning and innovation.
The original remit was to analyze the projected climate change impacts on the projected
needs for road maintenance on Finnish national road network while maintaining existing
levels of service. However, in light of the need to radically reduce transport sector GHG
emissions in order to keep average global warming under a 2 degree threshold (IPCC,
2007
/media/loftslag/Group4.pdf
1998] and RCM output such
as incoming and outgoing, short- and long-wave radiation,
temperature, water vapor pressure, and wind speed:
ETref ¼
0:408D Rn Gð Þ þ g 900T þ 273 u2 es eað Þ
Dþ g 1þ 0:34u2ð Þ ð3Þ
where ETref is reference evapotranspiration (mm d1), Rn is
net radiation at the crop surface (MJ m2 d1), G is soil heat
flux density (MJ m2 d1), T is mean daily air temperature
at 2 m
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
Assessment Re-
port (AR4).
Topic 1 summarises observed changes in climate and their ef-
fects on natural and human systems, regardless of their causes, while
Topic 2 assesses the causes of the observed changes. Topic 3 pre-
sents projections of future climate change and related impacts un-
der different scenarios.
Topic 4 discusses adaptation and mitigation options over the
next few decades
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf