2015, 2025, 2035 and 2050
North (Blanda) East (Karahnjukar) South (Thorisvatn)
Change in average inflow to the main storage reservoirs
Watershed
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
i
n
f
l
o
w
[
m
3
/
s
]
0
2
0
4
0
6
0
8
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
Last 50 years
Last 20 years
Last 15 years
Last 10 years
Last 5 years
Temperature corrected
Transformation of climate measurements
•Change in temperature
• 0.75 °C/100y 1950-1975
• 1.55
/media/ces/Linnet_Ulfar_CES_2010.pdf
would lead to a reduction of 20%
of total annual tourist flow to Spain between 2004 and 2080; Hein, Metzger and Moreno
[9] obtain an average decrease up to 14% in 2060 compared to 2004 - result of higher
losses in summer and slight increases in the remainder of the year-.
Nevertheless, some studies offer a more positive outlook. According to the Fundación
Empresa y Clima [7], the tourist
/media/loftslag/ECONOMIC_EFFECTS_OF_CLIMATE_CHANGE_ON_THE_TOURISM_SECTOR_IN_SPAIN.pdf
capability, data interpretation and communication have ad-
vanced with these events. In addition, before the unrest, a variety of
new instruments were installed around the Vatnajökull ice cap by
collaborators in the research project Futurevolc.
During the period of unrest, the Department of Civil Protection and
Emergency Management met regularly with scientists to discuss the
situation
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
(). The circulation of Icelandic waters-a
modelling study. Ocean Science , –.
Nygaard, B. E. K., Hálfdán Ágústsson & K.
Somfalvi-Toth (). Modeling wet snow ac-
cretion on power lines: improvements to previ-
ous methods using years of observations.
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
(), –.
Philippe Crochet (). Sensitivity of Icelandic
river basins to recent
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VED_AnnualReport-2013_screen.pdf
-00046).
References
Björnsson, H. (2002), Subglacial lakes and jökul-
hlaups in Iceland, Global Planet. Change, 35, 255-
271.
Bödvarsson, R., S. T. Rögnvaldsson, R. Slunga, and
E. Kjartansson (1999), The SIL data acquisition sys-
tem at present and beyond year 2000, Phys. Earth
Planet Inter., 113, 89-101.
Lacasse, C., S. Karlsdóttir, G. Larsen, H. Soosalu, W. I.
Rose, and G. J. Ernst (2004
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf
Numerical simulations
of precipitation in the complex terrain of Iceland—Comparison with glaciolog-
ical and hydrological data. Meteorol. Z., 16(1), 71–85.
Rögnvaldsson, Ó. and Ólafsson H. 2008. Dynamical downscaling of precipi-
tation – Part I: Comparison with glaciological data. Proceedings of the XXV
Nordic Hydrological Conference, Reykjavík, Iceland.
Tómasson, H. 1982. Vattenkraft i Island och dess
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
Discrete
numerical
Categorical Narrative
Constant in space and time A1 A2 A3
4Varies in time, not in space B1 B2 B3
Varies in space, not in time C1 C2 C3
It is noticed that the matrix is in reality three-dimensional
(source, type, nature). Thus, the categories type and nature
are not mutually exclusive, and it may be argued that the ma-
trix should be modified in such a way that the two uncer
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
/a in dry
summers, which is the maximum amount licensed by
the local government. 80% of the water is abstracted
from aquifers located above 20 masl [Henriksen and
Sonnenborg, 2003].
3. Methods
3.1. Climate-Forcing Data
[16] The confidence in Atmosphere-Ocean general circu-
lation models (GCM) providing credible quantitative esti-
mates of future climate change has increased the past few
years
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf