HYDROPOWER IN ICELAND
Impacts and adaption in future climate
Authors
Óli Grétar Blöndal Sveinsson (Phd)
Úlfar Linnet (MSc)
Elías B. Elíasson (MSc)
Landsvirkjuns system
•Installed power 1850 MW
• 96 % Hydroelectricity
• 4% Geothermal
•Production capacity 13 TWh/a
•Customer base
• 86 % Large industries
• 14 % Small businesses / Household
•No connection to other countries
•Reliability a major
/media/ces/Linnet_Ulfar_CES_2010.pdf
would lead to a reduction of 20%
of total annual tourist flow to Spain between 2004 and 2080; Hein, Metzger and Moreno
[9] obtain an average decrease up to 14% in 2060 compared to 2004 - result of higher
losses in summer and slight increases in the remainder of the year-.
Nevertheless, some studies offer a more positive outlook. According to the Fundación
Empresa y Clima [7], the tourist
/media/loftslag/ECONOMIC_EFFECTS_OF_CLIMATE_CHANGE_ON_THE_TOURISM_SECTOR_IN_SPAIN.pdf
-
corded and important data on the deformation of the caldera ac-
quired.
The real-time monitoring and interpretation of geophysical data
were made accessible to the public via the internet. Both automatic
and manually checked earthquake locations were displayed on
maps, updated every five minutes. Also, cGPS time series were
mapped showing deformation in the area.
Scientists followed the course
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
(). The circulation of Icelandic waters-a
modelling study. Ocean Science , –.
Nygaard, B. E. K., Hálfdán Ágústsson & K.
Somfalvi-Toth (). Modeling wet snow ac-
cretion on power lines: improvements to previ-
ous methods using years of observations.
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
(), –.
Philippe Crochet (). Sensitivity of Icelandic
river basins to recent
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VED_AnnualReport-2013_screen.pdf
from 5
years of continuous GPS measurements in
Iceland, submitted to Journal of Geophysical
VOLUME 86 NUMBER 26
28 JUNE 2005
PAGES 245–252
Eos, Vol. 86, No. 26, 28 June 2005
EOS, TRANSACTIONS, AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION
PAGES 245, 248
Forecasting and Monitoring a
Subglacial Eruption in Iceland
Fig. 1. (a) Map of Iceland illustrating the location of monitoring networks discussed in the text
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf
performance of the
model.
REFERENCES
Førland, E. J., Allerup P., Dahlström B., Elomaa E., Jónsson T., Madsen H.,
Perälä J., Rissanen P., Vedin H. and Vejen F. 1996. Manual for operational cor-
rection of Nordic precipitation data. DNMI Report No. 24/96 Klima, 66 pp.
Benoit, R., Pellerin P., Kouwen N., Ritchie H., Donaldson N., Joe P. and Soulis
E. D. 2000. Toward the use of coupled atmospheric
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
Discrete
numerical
Categorical Narrative
Constant in space and time A1 A2 A3
4Varies in time, not in space B1 B2 B3
Varies in space, not in time C1 C2 C3
It is noticed that the matrix is in reality three-dimensional
(source, type, nature). Thus, the categories type and nature
are not mutually exclusive, and it may be argued that the ma-
trix should be modified in such a way that the two uncer
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
occurring during
winter from 86% in the present climate to 98% in the year
2100. High evapotranspiration during summer was mainly
attributed to forests because forests were able to utilize most
of the increase in soil moisture storage that came from
winter recharge. For future studies Woldeamlak et al. [2007]
suggested use of transient models to study seasonal varia-
tions of the groundwater
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf