; (1)
where N is the number of years between the elevation
maps, A1 is the average area (m2) of the ice cap over N
years, r is the scaling factor from the density of ice
(900 kg m3) to water (1000 kg m3),
DV D ¯hA2; (2)
is the total volume loss (m3), D ¯h is the N year area-
average elevation change (m) for the whole ice cap and
A2 is the maximum area (m2) of the ice cap.
In this study we use
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
in Iceland: Climate projections and historical changes in precipitation type Andréa-Giorgio R. Massad, Guðrún Nína Petersen, Halldór Björnsson, Matthew J. Roberts & Tinna Þórarinsdóttir99
20,6
/about-imo/publications/2022/
performance of the
model.
REFERENCES
Førland, E. J., Allerup P., Dahlström B., Elomaa E., Jónsson T., Madsen H.,
Perälä J., Rissanen P., Vedin H. and Vejen F. 1996. Manual for operational cor-
rection of Nordic precipitation data. DNMI Report No. 24/96 Klima, 66 pp.
Benoit, R., Pellerin P., Kouwen N., Ritchie H., Donaldson N., Joe P. and Soulis
E. D. 2000. Toward the use of coupled atmospheric
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
1998] and RCM output such
as incoming and outgoing, short- and long-wave radiation,
temperature, water vapor pressure, and wind speed:
ETref ¼
0:408D Rn Gð Þ þ g 900T þ 273 u2 es eað Þ
Dþ g 1þ 0:34u2ð Þ ð3Þ
where ETref is reference evapotranspiration (mm d1), Rn is
net radiation at the crop surface (MJ m2 d1), G is soil heat
flux density (MJ m2 d1), T is mean daily air temperature
at 2 m
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
fjordssjObs.ForecastMeteogramInfo.Obs. data
Brú á JökuldalE coastalsjObs.ForecastMeteogramInfo.Obs. data
Brúarjökull B10CentralsjObs.Info.Obs. data
BrúaröræfiCentralsjObs.Info.Obs. data
BrúsastaðirNorth WsjObs.ForecastMeteogramInfo.Obs. data
BræðratunguvegurSouthsjObs.Info.Obs. data
BúlandshöfðiBreiðafjsjObs.Info.Obs. data
BúrfellSouthsjObs.ForecastMeteogramInfo.Obs. data
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D
DalatangiE
/weather/stations/
J. Bufton, J. Dezio, D. Hancock, H. Harding, T. Herring, B. Minster, K. Quinn, S.
Palm, J. Spinhirne, and R. Thomas. 2002. “ICESat’s laser measurements of polar ice, atmosphere, ocean, and land,” J. Geodyn., 34(3).
We acknowledge the support of the National Power Company of Iceland, the Public Roads Administration, the Research Fund of
Iceland (Rannís), the University Research Fund
/media/ces/glacier_mass_balance_poster.pdf