the largest floods and scenarios with
large temperature increases (No. 7–9, HadCM3) produce the small-
est floods.
The catchment characteristics and current hydrological proper-
ties can be used to explain the results and their correlations with
the average changes in 100-year floods by 2010–2039 and 2070–
a Reference Period 1971−2000
2070−2099 Maximum scenario
2070−2099 Minimum scenario
b
c
de
0
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
Forsíðumynd: Svava Björk Þorláksdóttir mælir með öldustilli
niður á festur í Iðu í Hvítá. Ljósmynd: Njáll Fannar Reynisson.
V E Ð U R S T O F A Í S L A N D S / Á R S S K Ý R S L A 2 0 1 8
3
Viðburðaríkt ár er að baki
hjá starfsfólki Veðurstofunnar
enda felast jafnan margar og
fjöl breyttar áskoranir í vöktun
og rannsóknum á náttúru -
öflum landsins.
Loftslagsmál eru mjög á
döfinni enda stærsta
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VI_Arsskyrsla_2018_vef.pdf
1998] and RCM output such
as incoming and outgoing, short- and long-wave radiation,
temperature, water vapor pressure, and wind speed:
ETref ¼
0:408D Rn Gð Þ þ g 900T þ 273 u2 es eað Þ
Dþ g 1þ 0:34u2ð Þ ð3Þ
where ETref is reference evapotranspiration (mm d1), Rn is
net radiation at the crop surface (MJ m2 d1), G is soil heat
flux density (MJ m2 d1), T is mean daily air temperature
at 2 m
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
and glaciers. The former trend is mainly visible in the
Westfjords, an area in northwest Iceland, in the winter (see Figure 8a and 8b) and in northeast
Iceland in the summer, especially east of Akureyri in the RCP8.5 scenario (see Figures 8c
and d). The latter trend is most clearly seen during summer and in cases with the RCM RCA4
with RCP8.5.
Extreme temperature trends
In a previous section we
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2017/VI_2017_009.pdf
Dashed lines encompass the V-shaped zone of tephra deposition. (c)
Oblique aerial view from west of the tephra plume at Grímsvötn on 2 November. Note the ashfall
from the plume. (Photo by M. J. Roberts.) (d) Weather radar image at 0400 UTC on 2 November.
The top portion shows its projection on an EW-vertical plane. The minimum detection height for
Grímsvötn is seen at 6 km, and the plume extends
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf
Energy Sources: Their role
in the Nordic energy system. Copenhagen, Nordic Council of Ministers, Nord 2007:003.
Harrison, W. D., D. H. Elsberg, K. A. Achelmaeyer and R. M Krimmel. 2001. On the charac-
terization of glacier response by a single time-scale. J. Glaciol., 47(159), 659–664.
Jóhannesson, T., G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, H. Björnsson, P. Crochet, E. B. Elíasson, S. Guðmundsson,
J. F. Jónsdóttir, H
/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf
incident solar radiation with observations. Red squares: the
baseline period (1971-2000) mean of the global radiation observed at Jokioinen in southwestern Fin-
land (60.8◦N, 23.5◦E) for each calendar month. The thick black curve: the corresponding quantity
as an average of the simulations performed with 18 global climate models. Grey shaded area: mean
± standard deviation of the simulations
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_solar_CMIP3.pdf