the return level r associated with the
return period 1/p can be estimated with the formula:
= �
− �1 −
{−(1 − )}−� , ≠ 0
− {−(1 − )}, = 0
Furthermore, r is defined as the value expected to be exceeded on average once every 1/p year.
The Block Maxima approach is a simple method
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_008.pdf
(ECT)
Working paths and
machinery transportation
+ C
Rotation period
Plant production and
transportation
Site preparation
a
r
b
o
n
Planting
E
n
e
r
d
i
o
Thinnings/ harvesting
operations
h di
g
y
i
x
i
d
e Emission parametersEcosystem model
S ort stance
transportation
Long distance
n
p
u
t
E
m
i
s
Emission calculation tool
transportation
Chipping
s
i
o
n
CO2 balance
14
Energy wood
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf
and corrected data
-5 0 5 10 15
1
.
0
1
.
5
2
.
0
2
.
5
3
.
0
3
.
5
Temperature,°C
P
r
e
c
i
p
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
m
m
/
d
a
y
Jan
Feb Mar
Apr
May
Jun
JulAug
Sep
OctNov
Dec
Year
obs ALUKSNE
DMI 1961-1990 ALUKSNE
mod DMI 1961-1990 ALUKSNE
JanFeb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
AugSep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Jan
Feb
ar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Nov
Dec ear
After the
correction all 3
climate models
agree with
observed data
/media/ces/Kurpniece_Liga_CES_2010.pdf
of cloud-to-ground lightning
in Iceland, April 2006 ‒ March 2007), Report 07007, Reykjavík: Veðurstofa Íslands.
Arason, P., Bennett, A. J. & Burgin, L. E. (2011). Charge mechanism of volcanic lightning
revealed during the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, Journal of Geophysical Research,
116: B00C03, doi:10.1029/2011JB008651.
Arason, Þ., Bjornsson, H. & and Petersen, G. N. (2013a). Early
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/VI_2013_006.pdf
stations used to cal ulate correlation with bw at Storbreen. The station information is taken from www.eklima.no.Mean annual (A) and winter (W) precipitation (P) are calculated for the period 1949–2006. Winter is here defined as the calendar monthsJan–Apr and Oct–Dec. Correlation (r) and coefficient of determination (r2) between winter precipitation sum Pw) for the period 15 Sep-tember to 14 May
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
17
Table 8. Frequency of warm summer days in JJA. All numbers in the table are based
on CORDEX results not observations, including the period 1981-2000.
Location P(Tmax>15°C) P(Tmax>20°C) P(Tmax>25°C)
1981–2000
Akureyri 9% 0.5% -
Egilsstaðir 10% 1% -
Kirkjubæjarklaustur 20% 0.5% -
Reykjavík 12% - -
Selfoss 26% 1% -
2081–2100 RCP4.5
Akureyri 22% 4% -
Egilsstaðir 27% 8% 0.5
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2017/VI_2017_009.pdf
) Survey indicated that more than half of the respondents in 13 out of 24
countries worldwide felt that climate change was a serious problem (Brechin, 2003,
p. 109). Of these 13 nations, 8 were European (and 5 formed part of the EU15); the
USA did not figure in these 13. More than 65% of the surveyed populations in the
same 23 out of 24 nations indicated they felt that global warming was a serious
/media/loftslag/Lorenzoni_Pidgeon_2006.pdf