a systematic com-
parison of results to observed precipitation has been carried out. Un-
dercatchment of solid precipitation is dealt with by looking only at
days when precipitation is presumably liquid or by considering the
occurrence and non-occurrence of precipitation. Away from non-
resolved orography, the long term means (months, years) of observed
and simulated precipitation are often
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
and CNES, n.d.;
National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff, 2016; Quante and Colijn, 2016). Now, additional
altimeters at different orbits perform slightly less accurate measurements up to 82 N and S (Rhein
et al., 2013). These records are used to estimate sea surface changes and calculate global mean sea
level, a temporal average sea level averaged over the oceans (Church, Clark, et al., 2013
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_005.pdf
and to list categories of stakeholders such as water
users, potential groundwater pollution sources, and autho-
rities in the area including: local waterworks; water
consumers; farmers; industry; anglers; the local county;
and three municipalities. The stakeholder involvement
process and the extension of the organisation with new
Define context
Collect dat
a
Define states
Identify factors, ac
tion
s/media/loftslag/Henriksen_Barlebo-2008-AWM_BBN-Journ_Env_Management.pdf
wind : 10 / 14Precip.: 0.0 mm / 1 h
22 GMT
0.0° S 8
Max wind : 8 / 12Precip.: 0.0 mm / 1 h
21 GMT
0.3° S 8
Max wind : 10 / 14Precip.: 0.0 mm / 1 h
20 GMT
0.6° S 9
Max wind : 9 / 14Precip.: 0.0 mm / 1 h
19 GMT
1.3° S 9
Max wind : 9 / 14Precip.: 0.0 mm / 1 h
18 GMT
1.9° S 7
Max wind : 8 / 13Precip.: 0.0 mm / 1 h
17 GMT
3.0° SW 7
Max wind : 8
/m/observations/areas
] MAE [m s 1]
Orig. Corr. Orig. Corr. Orig. Corr. Orig. Corr.
January -1.03 -0.14 1.71 1.42 -1.23 -0.32 2.37 2.16
July -0.14 -0.10 1.16 1.16 -0.89 -0.30 1.62 1.50
20
Figure 11. Monthly averages (January blue; July red) of original or corrected SURFEX
2-m air temperature (top row) and 10-m wind speed (bottom row), in comparison with
station measurements.
21
Figure 12. Average diurnal cycles of 2-m
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
storm systems, whereby in many parts of the island low-level wind speeds in excess of
20 m s 1 in winter are not uncommon. Small-scale convective storm systems are less important
in Iceland than at mid- and low-latitudes. Unlike over mid-latitudes continental regions, thunder-
storms in Iceland are most common during the winter months (Dec – Feb) (Einarsson, 1976). They
typically form when cold air
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf
level, surveys commissioned by the European Com-
munity/the European Union provide an indication of trends in concern about cli-
mate change. Since 1992, such surveys have been undertaken among representative
samples of citizens in its Member States, and specifically on topics related to the
environment (Special Eurobarometers (EB) in 1992, 1995, 2002; and a Flash EB
in 2002). These have included
/media/loftslag/Lorenzoni_Pidgeon_2006.pdf
Figure 53 Impact map for airports in case of an eruption like 1362 at Öræfajökull ................ 82
Figure 54 Impact map for power lines in case of an eruption like 1362 at Öræfajökull ......... 83
Figure 55 5% PM10 probability map for an eruption like 1362 at Öræfajökull. ...................... 84
Figure 56 25% PM10 probability map for an eruption like 1362 at Öræfajökull
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_004.pdf