were collected through a mail survey in Sweden,
Acceptability of travel demand managemen
of problem awareness, persona
Louise Erikssona,b,, Jo¨rgen Garvil
aDepartment of Psychology
bTransportation Research Unit
Available onlin
Abstract
y 26 (2006) 15–26
t measures: The importance
norm, freedom, and fairness
la,b, Annika M. Nordlunda,b
a˚ University, Sweden
Umea˚ University, Sweden
14 July 2006
/media/loftslag/Eriksson_Garvill_Nordlund_2006.pdf
changes in the September-April mean geostrophic wind speed from 1971-
2000 to 2046-2065 (left) and the statistical significance of the ensemble mean change according to a
standard t test (right). Light, medium and dark red shading indicate significance at the 95%, 99% and
99.9% levels, respectively.
95 % 99 % 99,9 %
4
Fig. 4. As Fig. 3, but for the autumn (September
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_task2_CMIP3_winds.pdf
-
balance model
• Monthly temperature
• Monthly precipitation
Step 2: Extrapolation of model
parameters to all glaciers in
Iceland and Scandinavia
• Gridded climate variables
Step 3: Future projections until
2100 for each glacier:
- run mass-balance model
- Volume-area scaling
Volume-area-length
scaling
V = c Aγ
• Glacier inventory data
• downscaled GCM scenarios
A(t
V(t
ΔV
Methodology
Step
/media/ces/Hock_Regine_CES_2010rs.pdf
of
temperature anomaly
(ºC) between 1991-2007
and 1961-1990
Variation of annual T
anomaly (ºC)
between 1991-2007
and 1961-1990
Seasonal differences of P
anomaly (in %)
between 1991-2007 and
1961-1990
Seasonal differences of Q
anomaly (in %) between
1991-2007 and 1961-1990
Variation of annual P and Q
anomaly (%)
between 1991-2007
and 1961-1990
-40
-25
-10
5
20
35
50
1
9
2
0
1
9
4
0
1
9
6
/media/ces/Kriauciuniene_Jurate_CES_2010.pdf
and corrected data
-5 0 5 10 15
1
.
0
1
.
5
2
.
0
2
.
5
3
.
0
3
.
5
Temperature,°C
P
r
e
c
i
p
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
m
m
/
d
a
y
Jan
Feb Mar
Apr
May
Jun
JulAug
Sep
OctNov
Dec
Year
obs ALUKSNE
DMI 1961-1990 ALUKSNE
mod DMI 1961-1990 ALUKSNE
JanFeb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
AugSep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Jan
Feb
ar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Nov
Dec ear
After the
correction all 3
climate models
agree with
observed data
/media/ces/Kurpniece_Liga_CES_2010.pdf
The applied glacier mass balance model is a simplified version of the energy balance approach.
An abstract of the model is given in the following, for a comprehensive model description we
refer to Machguth et al. (2009). The model requires air temperature (Ta), global radiation
(Sin) and precipitation (P ) for meteorological input. The model runs at daily steps, and the
cumulative mass balance bc on day t/media/ces/ces_geus_paakitsoq_full_report.pdf
fluctuation in potential
evapotranspiration
WaSiM offers various methods to calculate the potential evapotranspiration and in this work
Hamon approach was used. The potential evapotranspiration using Hamon approach is given
by Schulla & Jasper (2007):
with: emperical factor, monthly values
day length [h]
saturation vapor pressure at temperature T [hPa]
temperature [°C
/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
-1996
– 1997-2002
– Post 2002
Overall Effect of Wind Speed on
Damages
Damaged Homes By Wind Categories
100
120
0
20
40
60
80
< 120 120-
129
130-
139
140-
149
> 149
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
Damaged Homes (Cum.
Percent)
Average Home Size By Year
Built Categories
Average Home Size By Year Built Categories
2450
2500
2550
2150
2200
2250
2300
2350
2400
Pre 1980 80-96 97-2002 Post 2002
Avg. Sq. Feet
Damaged Homes
/media/loftslag/FMI_-_Disaster_Mitigation.pdf
-010-0075-y.
Halldór Björnsson, Tómas Jóhannesson & Árni Snorrason (2011). Recent climate change, projected impacts and adaptation capacity in Iceland. Í: Linkov, I. & T. S. Bridges (ritstj.). Climate. Global change and local adaptation. Results of the NATO Advance Research Workshop, Hella, Iceland, 6.-10. júní 2010. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - C: Environmental Security. Springer
/about-imo/arctic/completed-projects/publications/