and uncertainties contained in the Working
Group contributions to the Fourth Assessment Report.
Based on a draft prepared by:
Introduction
Introduction
26
Introduction
This Synthesis Report is based on the assessment carried out
by the three Working Groups (WGs) of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC). It provides an integrated view of cli-
mate change as the final part of the IPCC’s Fourth
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
Resources and Energy Directorate
Edited by: Heidi H. Pikkarainen
Print: Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate
Number printed: 130
Cover design: Rune Stubrud
Prepared for: The CES project
Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate
Middelthunsgate 29
P.O. Box 5091 Majorstua
N-0301 OSLO
NORWAY
Telephone: +47 22 95 95 95
Fax: +47 22 95 90 00
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf
Macroseismology in Finland from the 1730s to the 2000s:
From an obligation of the learned elite to citizen science
Päivi Mäntyniemi
Institute of Seismology, Department of Geosciences and Geography, P.O. Box 68, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland,
e-mail: paivi.mantyniemi@helsinki.fi
The presentation is based on a snapshot of macroseismology in Finland from the 1730s to the 2000s
that has
/media/norsem/norsem_mantyniemi.pdf
IWRM to a stage where it can deal with
uncertainty and point out the necessity of flexible governance systems and management
strategies. Adaptive Management can here more generally be defined as a systematic
process for continually improving management policies and practices by learning from the
outcomes of implemented management strategies. This new understanding arises from the
recognition
/media/loftslag/VanderKeur_etal-2008-Uncertainty_IWRM-WARM.pdf
ea
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/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
at the operational/local level.
A calibrated approach (standardized questionnaires and
interviews, expert judgment, and reinterpretation of out-
comes by means of relevant literature) was used to com-
pare the state of affairs in water management in the
selected case-studies.
Adaptive and integrated water management
Given the expected increase of climate-related extreme
events, water governance capabilities
/media/loftslag/Huntjens_etal-2010-Climate-change-adaptation-Reg_Env_Change.pdf
20,6°V. Austast í
brotabeltinu er brotgjarna skorpan um 10 km þykk en sunnan brotabeltisins þykknar hún
enn og er um 13 km þykk. Enn fremur sýnir rannsóknin að upptakadýpi skjálfta er áberandi
grynnra á stærri jarðhitasvæðum.
Preface
The work published in this thesis was mostly carried out between 2003 and 2006. Although
we have learnt a few more things since then, that could probably have
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2010/2010_003rs.pdf
in Finland
Noora Veijalainen a,*, Eliisa Lotsari b, Petteri Alho b, Bertel Vehviläinen a, Jukka Käyhkö b
a Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Mechelininkatu 34a, P.O. Box 140, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland
b Department of Geography, FI-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 7 January 2010
Received in revised form 13 June 2010
Accepted
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
Uncertainty assessment of model simulations is therefore
important, when models are used to support water management
decisions (Beven and Binley, 1992; Beven, 2002; Pahl-Wostl,
2002; Jakeman and Letcher, 2003; Refsgaard and Henriksen,
2004; Pahl-Wostl, 2007; Vandenberghe et al., 2007). Model un-
certainty is in practice often done as an ‘end of pipe’ analysis
that is carried out after model set-up
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
by the manufacturers.
Enercon E44 Vestas V80
Rotor diameter [m] 44 80
Hub height [m] 55 67
Rated power [kW] 900 2000
Cut-in speed [m s 1] 3 4
Rated speed [m s 1] 15 16
Cut-out speed [m s 1] 28 25
For any given turbine, there are three important characteristic wind speeds. The cut-in speed is the
lowest wind speed at which a turbine can generate usable power. The rated speed is the lowest wind
speed at which
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf