A second, but usually smaller, increase in runoff oc-
curs in the autumn. In northern Finland more than 95% of annual
maximum floods are caused by spring snowmelt (cf. Fig. 7a). Also
the small upstream lakes in the northern part of the lake area
and the northernmost of the coastal rivers fall mainly into this cat-
egory. In most coastal rivers the major floods can be caused by
either snowmelt
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
within expected range. Groundwater flow is important in Iceland because of young
porous postglacial lava fields and high hydraulic conductivity through tectonical faults and
fissure swarms and the activation of the groundwater module is therefore the largest
improvement. Two different methods were used to obtain data required for the groundwater
module. Simple estimation based on geological maps
/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
earthquakes or a single earthquake with a large enough magnitude are located within a specific
area, based on the warning levels, an audio alarm warning will be played in the monitoring
office. However, for detecting tremor there has only been a simple amplitude warning, and no
“smart” warning system that automatically detects and warns of volcanic tremor, using the
coherency of a signal
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2021/VI_2021_008.pdf
is given by Helton and
Davis (2003).
4.1. Data uncertainty engine (DUE)
Uncertainty in data may be described in 13 uncertainty cat-
egories (Table 2) depending on how data varies in time and
space (Brown et al., 2005). Each data category is associated
with a range of uncertainty models, for which more specific
probability density functions (pdfs) may be developed with
different simplifying assumptions
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
). In both cases, the web-master can choose which area of the country should appear. Both these iframes are large and intended to be the main topic of a page. It is simple and straightforward to embed an iframe onto a page; it only takes a few minutes.
Instructions on iframes for station forecasts, text forecasts or observations
Instructions on iframe for wind, temperature and precipitation forecasts
/about-imo/the-web/iframes/
Christmas weather during the last 60 years
18.12.2008
What was the weather like in Iceland at Christmas, many years ago?
Simple maps are provided, which show the main features of the weather at noon on Christmas Day from 1949 onwards. Each screen has ten maps
/about-imo/news/nr/1424
The ISC data (and how to get it)
James Harris¹, Dmitry Storchak²
¹ International Seismological Centre (ISC), Senior System and Database Administrator
² International Seismological Centre, Director
The ISC data distribution has evolved over many years from print only, through CDs, the first simple
flat file search on the web (1998), to the many and varied search tools currently available
/media/norsem/norsem_harris.pdf
0.26 – 0.59
Notes:
a) These estimates are assessed from a hierarchy of models that encompass a simple climate model, several Earth Models of Intermediate
Complexity, and a large number of Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) as well as observational constraints.
b) Year 2000 constant composition is derived from AOGCMs only.
c) All scenarios above are six SRES marker scenarios
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
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/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
than can be expected to originate from the cauldrons, three to four times the wa-
ter equivalent of the accumulation of snow over the watershed of the cauldrons. It has
been estimated that flow from the cauldrons, in addition to the jökulhlaups, could be
2–5 m3 s 1 at maximum (Vatnaskil, 2005). It is possible that part of the sulfate-rich
groundwater from the glacier comes from the cauldrons
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf