Erupted lava can have further
interactions with water, such as by flowing into the sea where toxic gases can be released or
interacting with ground water, a lake or a river.
21
Figure 5: Event tree for the Vestmannaeyjar volcanic system, with the pathways encom-
passing the behavior exhibited by the 1973 Eldfell and 1963–1967 Surtsey eruptions
indicated. The blue dots indicating “clone
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_011_en.pdf
and their interactions with sustainable develop-
Figure I.1. Schematic framework representing anthropogenic drivers, impacts of and responses to climate change, and their linkages.
Schematic framework of anthropogenic climate change drivers, impacts and responses
ment. Topic 5 assesses the relationship between adaptation and
mitigation on a more conceptual basis and takes a longer-term per-
spective. Topic 6
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
the volcano. Question: Should an eruption occur, where from the glacier can
the jökulhlaup be expected?Answer: It depends on the
location and type of the eruption. Three types of glacial outbursts can be
thought about:Floods resulting from an eruption
in the caldera, where the ice is up to 500 m thick. Large eruptions can melt of order 100,000 m3/s.
Jökulhlaups can be expected from Virkisjökull
/volcanoes/about-volcanoes/oraefajokull/q-a/
NO +58:17:03 +06:38:58 5 P
2662 BJORHEIM I RYFYLKE NO +59:04:39 +06:01:12 64 P
2663 EGERSUND NO +58:27:10 +06:00:11 4 P
2664 HOGNESTAD NO +58:41:40 +05:38:30 19 P
2665 HUNDSEID I VIKEDAL NO +59:33:20 +05:59:44 159 P
2667 LYSEBOTN NO +59:03:24 +06:38:57 9 P
2668 MAUDAL
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_task1.pdf
could emit >5 km3 of basaltic tephra, covering >50,000 km2 on land. Heavy tephra
fall and darkness in proximal and medial areas (<100 km) can be expected (Figure 5b). Tephra fall could reach
mainland Europe.
Eruptions elsewhere on the fissure swarm will be predominantly effusive and could release 1 - 4 km3 of lava and
significant amounts of tephra. Lava can extend tens of km from source, e.g
/media/jar/Bardarbunga_kafli20140825.pdf
is defined as a 24 hour period where the simulations are
dry (rmm5 ≤ 0.1) but the observations are wet (robs > 0.1). Figure 5 shows the
percentage of missing events during the summer months (JJA) at each of the
observation stations. There is higher probability of missing events during sum-
mer than in winter (map not shown). In Fig. 6 the precipitation during missing
Figure 3: Ratio [%] of "false alarms
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
be expected by rain,
incoming groundwater flow, and snow and ice melt. The source of this excess water was
traced to the glacier. Under normal circumstances the groundwater level is calculated in two
modules in WaSiM: i) in the module for the unsaturated zone where the groundwater level is
estimated from infiltration and the release of groundwater as spring flow, and ii) in the
groundwater module
/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
as large green stars in
boxes O and N respectively. The epicentre of the 29 May 2008 earthquake is also marked in box I. The four
smaller green stars show the hypocentres of four M~5 earthquakes, triggered by the J17 event. The study
area was divided into fifteen boxes, outlined on the map and marked by A-O, for analysis. Roughly half of
the nineteen thousand events displayed here, occurred outside
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%.
An eruption like 1918 at Katla would have an intermediate impact on the ground where several
inhabited or touristic areas, such as Þórsmörk, Vík, Landmannalaugar Skógar, could be affected
by a fallout greater than 100 kg/m2 (~10 cm). No part of the road system falls into the category
of high probability (>75%) for critical driving conditions. However, more than 150 km can may
fall
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_004.pdf
and
how future climate change within the next 20–30 years can impact these resources.
In the future, an increase in the utilization of various sources of bioenergy will increase in Nordic
countries. This raises a question what is the biomass production potential of forests now and in the
future and how sustainable the energy production based on biomass are owing to possible large-scale
harvestings
/media/ces/CES_BioFuels_Flyer_new.pdf