?
• Based on thermodynamic and heat
transfer models accounting for:
Wire
resistance
Solar
heating
Radiative
cooling
Convective
cooling
June 2010 7
How are ratings determined?
• UK network standards assume seasonal
average temperatures and worst-case
wind conditions, i.e. low wind speeds
Summer → 20˚C; Spring/Autumn → 9˚C;
Winter → 2˚C
• Real-time monitoring (‘dynamic rating’) is
not commonly
/media/ces/Cradden_Lucy_CES_2010.pdf
planning; 2) a state-of-the-art
literature review, examining European and American municipal and regional adaptation strategies, 3)
interviews (20-30) with municipal and regional planners and policy makers in Copenhagen and Portland; 4)
the use of a Multi-Criteria Decision Support (MCDS) software tool to help understand how different groups
rank and value competing planning goals within
/media/loftslag/programme2---PhD-Workshop-preceding-Adaptation-Research-Conference.pdf
on the costs of
weather related delays and interruptions. Leviäkangas (2007) mentions an amount of 20 ~ 30
million euro per year. As mentioned before over time road users will start to adapt if they realize
that certain delays occur too frequently. Responses could vary from shifts in departure time to
switching to another mode or even relocation of activities.
A note on service levels
In road
/media/loftslag/Outline_for_the_case_Road_maintenance_in_a_changing_climate.pdf
149
S O N D J F M A M J J A
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
0 100 200 300
15
0
25
0
35
0
45
0
Day since 1st Sept.
Q
m³
/s
VHM 205
S O N D J F M A M J J A
l
l
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l
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l l
l
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0 100 200 300
10
0
15
0
20
0
25
0
Day since 1st Sept.
Q
m³
/s
VHM 206
S O N D J F M A M J J A
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l
l
l
0 100 200 300
15
0
25
0
35
0
Day since 1st Sept.
Q
m³
/s
VHM 221
S O N D J F
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
6
0
20
40
60
80
10
0
12
0
14
0
−ln(−ln(1−1/T))
Q(
T)
(m
?s)
1 2 5 10 20 50 100
T (years)
l Obs.
WaSiM vhm51
heM
95?bh ??Obs
95?bh ??W aSiM
95?bh heM
Annual max. Q : GEV Distributions for vhm51
Index flood model no. 6
l l l l
l
l l l
l l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
−2 0 2 4 6
0
50
10
0
15
0
−ln(−ln(1−1/T))
Q(
T)
(m
?s)
1 2 5 10 20 50 100
T (years)
l Obs.
WaSiM vhm52
heM
95?bh Obs
95?bh
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_001.pdf