on Langjökull ice cap, central Iceland (Björns-
son et al., 2002) (see location map on Fig. 2). Here, we use measurements of
(accumulated) winter mass balance, expressed in terms of liquid water equiva-
lents. Björnsson et al. (1998) estimated the uncertainty of the areal integrals of
the mass balance to be a minimum of 15%. Due to surging of the Dyngjujökull
glacier in 1998–2000, the uncertainty
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_91.pdf
magnitude as in recent years. The mass
balance of Langjökull and Hofsjökull was again negative in
2017 whereas Vatnajökull was almost in balance. The glaciers have lost approximately 250 km3 of ice since 1995, which corresponds to ca. 7%
of their total volume. Glaciers in Iceland have retreated rapidly for more than
two decades and glacier downwasting is one of the most obvious
consequences
/about-imo/news/glaciers-in-iceland-continue-to-retreat
)+Ewi1( ˜X2) (5)
⇔ EUi1 = pi1[vi1(Xi1)+wi1(X2)] + (1 − pi1)[vi1(Xi1)+wi1(X2)] (6)
here vi1(·) represents the utility from the first mover’s own gain. We assume constant relative
risk aversion for the function vi1(·) to represent the risk preferences of agent i as mover 1:
vi( ˜Xi1)=
˜X1−rii1
1 − ri
(7)
Agent i is risk neutral if ri = 0, risk averse if ri > 0 and risk loving if ri < 0.8 Subjects
/media/loftslag/Public-Choice-2012---Teyssier---Inequity-and-risk-aversion-in-sequential-public-good-games.pdf
IMO at the Arctic Circle Assembly 2017
17.10.2017
The Fifth Arctic Circle
Assembly was held in the Harpa Conference Center in Reykjavík on October 13-15.
The symposium was attended by 2000 delegates from more
/about-imo/news/imo-at-the-arctic-circle-assembly-2017
period, as well as changes from the control to the 2070–99 reference period,
for the reduced IPCC ensemble mean, the SMHI-RCAO, the MetNo-HIRHAM,
and the DMI-HIRHAM5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
18 Warming by month from the 1991–2000 to the 2091–2100 period in ENSEMBLES
RCMs using either the HadCM3 or the ECHAM5 as driving GCM. . . . . . . . . . 40
7
1
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
type, surface condition and weather
was noted. In total more than 100 point measure-ments were made during three days (2 and 3 August2006 and 7 August 2007). Measurements weremade on different surface types: ice, snow and firn,
as well as on different surface conditions (dry, wet,clean, dirty). Some of the measurements will be re-ferred to in this paper.
Meteorological observations outside
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
).
24. M. E. Moss, Water Resour. Res. 15, 1797 (1979).
25. E. Ehrlich, B. Landy, Public Works, Public Wealth (Center
for Strategic and International Studies Press,
Washington, DC, 2005).
26. United Nations General Assembly, U.N. Millennium
Declaration, Resolution 55/2 (2000).
10.1126/science.1151915
–40 –20 –10 –5 –2 40201052
Human influences. Dramatic changes in runoff volume from ice-free land
/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
Based on a report by
Verta et al. (2007)
92.
5
93.
0
93.
5
94.
0
94.
5
95.
0
M A MJ F J J A S O N D
Mean 19702000
Min and max 1970–2000,
natural rating curve
Target water level zone 1
Target water level zone 2
Q=+20%
Q=+10%
Q= 0%
Q=15%
Q=30%
92.90 m snow target 1
92.70 m snow target 2
Water level (m
)
Month
the regulation limits Lake Syväri has target water level zones, which are not legally
/media/ces/Water_resources_man_Veijalainen_etal.pdf