can already be seen at Sólheimajökull (fig. 2) and Snæfellsjökull. Forecasts of the retreat of Langjökull and Hofsjökull until 2100 have been made (Institute of Earth Sciences and Tómas Jóhannesson, IMO).
Fig 2. The retreat of Sólheimajökull. On the central photo red lines show the glacier‘s margin as it was in 1997, 2000 and 2003. Photos: Oddur Sigurðsson. Click to enlarge.
Influence
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on the emergence
of adaptation policy focused on the National Communications of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in order to compare the developments
between countries (Gagnon-Lebrun and Agarwala 2006; Gagnon-Lebrun and Agarwala 2007;
Massey & Bergma 2008).
2
In general, explorations of specific adaptation policies has mainly focused on the national
scale
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5 ECHO-G, Germany/Korea T30L19/0.5-2.8°×2.8°L20
6 GFDL-CM2.1, USA 2.0°×2.5°L24/0.3-1.0°×1.0°
7 IPSL-CM4, France 3.75°x2.5°L19/2°x1°L31
8 MIROC3.2 (medres), Japan T42L20/0.5-1.4°×1.4°L44
9 MRI-CGCM2.3.2, Japan T42L30/0.5-2.0°×2.5°L23
Modeling output involved to calculate extreme indices includes gridded daily distributions
of surface air temperature maxima and minima and daily
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of the
earthquakes, there are as few as 7 observations available to estimate the two parameters (like
event number 4 in Table 2).
5 Other predictor variables
Comprehensive measurements of site responses at the seismic stations are not available and
therefore similar predictor variables to those used by Joyner and Boore (1993) and Boore et al.
(1997) cannot be included in the model.
In southwest Iceland
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at the peak of the so called Little Ice Age during the 1890s and also the outlines as they were around the year 2000.
The map distinguishes surging glaciers from other outlet glaciers, and identifies all known sub-glacial volcanic calderas. Featured are the names of all named glaciers and the map includes a brochure and a list of glacier names.
The Map of Glaciers can be used for both tourism
/about-imo/arctic/map-of-glaciers/
The western cauldron in Vatnajökull ice cap on 19 August 2000, shortly after jökulhlaup in river Skaftá which originated in the cauldron. Photo: Oddur Sigurðsson.
The SVALI project examines the complex effects of climate change on the Arctic environment, especially as glaciers, ice and snow. The projects main research questions are as follows:
How fast is land ice volume in the Arctic
/about-imo/arctic/svali/
Plate.
The source fault of one of the earthquakes of 2000 will be visited before we cross the plate boundary back to the North America Plate.
The guide will be Professor Páll Einarsson of the University of Iceland.
The trip, departing from Reykjavík on Saturday 31 October, will last about nine hours. The estimated cost of the trip is 5000 ISK (30 EUR). This fee covers the hire of a bus
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thickness is 10-12 meters and estimated volume of eruptive material 22-24 million cubic meters (only one fifth of Hekla 2000).
Accordingly, the average flow rate has been approximately 15 cubic meters per second since the eruption began. The eruptive cone stands 82 m above previous ground level and the highest peak is 1067 m a.s.l.
On their web-site, explanatory photographs can be found (pdf 1.1 Mb
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