health, for example the respiratory system. The fluorine content is approximately 850 mg/kg according to chemical analysis carried out by the Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, on a sample taken 19 April. An earlier sample since 14 April only measured 25-35 mg/kg of fluorine because the water vapour from melting ice rinsed the ash. When the eruption progressed, water became less
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/1880
systematically underestimated. The bias is not as pronounced for the non glacial rivers. Com-
bining synoptic-scale and basin-scale predictors (method 3) leads to a substantial improvement
compared to the use of MSLP fields alone (method 1). Analogue forecasts become similar or
better than persistence, depending on catchment and lead time. Usually, persistence performs
better for T=1 day and then method 3
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/VI_2013_008.pdf
closer to Reykjavík, eight years before that. As elsewhere in Europe sulphur concentration is lower now than when measurements began. Average value of sulphur is about 0.5 mg/l in precipitation, about 0.1 μg/m3 in aerosol and about 0.07 μg/m3 in air.
Stórhöfði - a seashore background station
Stórhöfði is at the south end of island Heimaey which is the largest of the Westman islands
/pollution-and-radiation/pollution/
Dominant height (m)
Basal area just
after thinning
area threshold
60 80 100 120
Energy wood (Mg ha-1)
60 80 100 120 60 80 100 120
17
Findings: ecosystem CO2 balance
548.4
400
600
7.8
150.4
0
200
-200
O
2
m
-
2
-390.86
-600
-400
g
C
O
1000
-800
-1097.6-1200
-
Management Litter Humus
18
Emissions Capture Balance
Conclusions
• Large amount of unutilised energy biomass are available in Finland
• Climate
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf
systems in Iceland
during the past 11 centuries: frequency, periodicity and implications. In Smellie JL and Chapman MG (eds):
Volcano-Ice Interactions on Earth and Mars. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 202: 81-90.
Larsen G, Guðmundsson MT, Einarsson P and Thordarson T. 2013. BÁRÐARBUNGA. In: Sólnes S,
Sigmundsson F, Bessason B (eds.): Náttúruvá á Íslandi - Eldgos og
/media/jar/Bardarbunga_kafli20140825.pdf
in
Norway was provided by the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE).
TóJ 12 5.12.2009
Memo
References
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Björnsson, H., and F. Pálsson. 2008. Icelandic glaciers. Jökull, 58, 365–386.
Fenger, J. (Ed.). 2007. Impacts of Climate Change on Renewable
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Icelandic glaciers. Jo¨kull 58,
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Bjo¨rnsson H., Pa´lsson F. & Haraldsson H.H. 2002. Mass balance
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/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf