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operational cost, etc.) and the annual
revenues
• consider an appropriate discount rate and assess NPV (net present
value), IRR (internal rate of return), and net cash flows
• rank alternatives by score level
• SCBA: social CBA – total benefits -/- total costs for society, in this
case benefits and costs often don’t accrue (entirely) to the same
organisation due to the public nature of a project
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf
Manage- Basic Purchase Road Road net- Const- Acquisi- Govern- Com- Participati- Value Miscel- Total 2009
ment and road of equip- system work post- ruction tion of ment missi- on of the added laneous cost
operating manage- ment develop- poned-, of land grants ons European tax over- level
costs ment ment comprehen- build- and com- Regional De- heads
1991- 1991- sive- and ings pensation
/media/loftslag/Traffc-maintenance_expenditures.pdf
). Meteorological observations carried
out on Storbreen in the summer of 1955 (Liestøl1967) revealed that net radiation is the most impor-tant contributor to the ablation at Storbreen. An au-tomatic weather station (AWS) has bee operatedin the ablation zone of Storbreen since September2001 providing a near-continuous series of meteor-
ology and surface energy balance data. Analysis ofthe first five years
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
(2010). Trends in streamflow in the hydropower producing Nordic countries and implications for water resource management, IAHS Publ. 340, 279-285.
National
Hellström, S-S., and Lindström, G. (2008). Regional analys av klimat, vattentillgång och höga flöden (Regional analysis of climate, runoff and flooding). SMHI Report Nr 110, 23 p.
Hisdal, H., Holmqvist E., Jónsdóttir, J. F., Jónsson, P
/ces/publications/nr/1943
M., & Hellström, S.-S. (2006). Climate change effects on dam safety - a sensitivity analysis of the Swedish hydrological dam safety guidelines. Presented at the European Conference on Impacts of Climate Change on Renewable Energy Sources, Reykjavik, Iceland, June 5-9. [Extended abstract]
Andréasson, J., Gardelin, M., Bergström, S., & Hellström, S.-S. (In press). Känslighetsanalys av/climatology/research/ce/publications/
) på University of Gloucestershire i Cheltenham 29/9 2009.
Roald, L.A. Klimaendringer, flom og skred. Forelesning på kurset: 09/50 Klimatilpasning i samfunnsplanleggingen arrangert av NUSB i Trondheim 10/11-2009.
Vehviläinen, B. Climate change and Finlands water resources. Symposium of Large Lakes. March 8, 2010, Lahti, Finland.
Veijalainen, N. Climate and Energy Systems (CES): Hydrology
/ces/publications/nr/1938
-corrected SPOT 5
high-resolution geometric (HRG) images with 2.5 m
2.5 m spatial resolution, acquired in the autumn 2003
and (4) airborne polarimetric synthetic aperture radar
images observed simultaneously to the 1998 EMISAR
images and the EMISAR DEM viewed as a shaded
relief image (Magnu´sson et al. 2005b).
We estimate the average specific net mass balance (in
m yr1 w. eq.) as
bn r
DV
A1 N
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
); new long-term investment strategy prioritizing low- or zero-net carbon forms of
mobility
2040 Modal shift in logistics chains, especially within heavy industry.
3.3 Backcasting scenario narrative
Low-Impact Mobility Project Evaluation (LIMPE)
Climate change is occurring. Is it natural or anthropogenic? It doesn’t matter. Even
though the future is inherently uncertain, one certainty
/media/loftslag/Group4.pdf
1998] and RCM output such
as incoming and outgoing, short- and long-wave radiation,
temperature, water vapor pressure, and wind speed:
ETref ¼
0:408D Rn Gð Þ þ g 900T þ 273 u2 es eað Þ
Dþ g 1þ 0:34u2ð Þ ð3Þ
where ETref is reference evapotranspiration (mm d1), Rn is
net radiation at the crop surface (MJ m2 d1), G is soil heat
flux density (MJ m2 d1), T is mean daily air temperature
at 2 m
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf