and direction, as well as air temperature, from the IMO operational surface station net-
work. Most anemometers are installed at 10 m above ground level (mAGL). However, at some
stations, surface winds are measured at different heights, h, varying between 4.0 and 18.3 m.
3This is done using a GRIB-API command on Parameter 141 (snow depth) in the earliest boundary
data file: grib_set -f -d 0.0 -w
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
a realistic
description of fast-rising jökulhlaups.
iv
Ágrip
Í Skaftá hafa mælst 45 jökulhlaup síðan 1955. Þessi hlaup vaxa hraðar en hefðbundin
jökulhlaup frá Grímsvötnum og hafa því verið nefnd „hraðvaxandi jökulhlaup“. Þau
eru upprunnin úr lónum sem eru undir eystri og vestari Skaftárkatli í vestanverðum
Vatnajökli. Kötlunum er viðhaldið af jarðhita.
Út frá gögnum um rúmmál hlaupvatns er
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
(-33%) during 1970 to 2004 has been smaller than the com-
bined effect of global income growth (77%) and global population
growth (69%); both drivers of increasing energy-related CO2 emis-
sions. The long-term trend of declining CO2 emissions per unit of en-
ergy supplied reversed after 2000. {WGIII 1.3, Figure SPM.2, SPM}
Differences in per capita income, per capita emissions and
energy
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
). Meteorological observations carried
out on Storbreen in the summer of 1955 (Liestøl1967) revealed that net radiation is the most impor-tant contributor to the ablation at Storbreen. An au-tomatic weather station (AWS) has bee operatedin the ablation zone of Storbreen since September2001 providing a near-continuous series of meteor-
ology and surface energy balance data. Analysis ofthe first five years
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
of warming at 5 year intervals during the
21st Century. For the mid-21st Century, the 90% confidence interval for warming relative to the
1961–90 average in Reykjavik of 4.3 C is 0.6–3.3 K, and 1.4–5.9 K at the end of the century.
As part of the Climate and Energy (CE) project (Fenger, 2007), and its Icelandic counterpart, the
Veður og Orka (VO) project, various climate change predictions
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
of events closely.
Photo: Sigurlaug Gunnlaugsdóttir.
Bárðarbunga
Pálmi Erlendsson, Bergur H. Bergsson and others installing GPS and com-
munication equipment. Photos: Þorgils Ingvarsson and Benedikt G. Ófeigsson.
I C E L A N D I C M E T O F F I C E / A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 4
5
The magma intrusion from Bárðarbunga
to the eruption site at Holuhraun and
related tremor pulses
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
J600v berg 2.utg) were also used in this study.
Table 1. Main characteristics of river basins used in this study.
River Name Type Area Mean Percentage Mean annual Period
/ (km2) elevation glacier precipitation for
Gauging (m a.s.l) (mm) streamflow
station (1961-2014) data
vhm59 Ytri-Rangá L 622 365 0 1564 1961–2014
vhm64 Ölfusá L+D+J+S 5687 480 12.2 2003 1950–2014
vhm66 Hvítá (Borgarfirði) L+J 1577
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
level in Skeidará waned. The last sign of a
crater explosion was seen at GRF early on 6
November, leaving only a weak tremor signal
from the remnants of the jökulhlaup. The
jökulhlaup fi nally ended in early December,
after ~0.8 km3 of water had drained from the
Grímsvötn lake (J. Hardardóttir, personal com-
munication, 2005).
Location and Volume Constraints
Earthquake locations at Grímsvötn
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf