lake within the
caldera until the surrounding ice is breached.
When that happens, water escapes to cause a
jökulhlaup in the river Skeidará, after having
traveled ~50 km beneath the Skeidarárjökull
outlet glacier (Figure 1b). Jökulhlaups occur
there every 1–10 years and last from days to
weeks, each time releasing 0.4–4 km3 of water
[Björnsson, 2002]. Volcanic eruptions in Gríms-
vötn often
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf
a systematic com-
parison of results to observed precipitation has been carried out. Un-
dercatchment of solid precipitation is dealt with by looking only at
days when precipitation is presumably liquid or by considering the
occurrence and non-occurrence of precipitation. Away from non-
resolved orography, the long term means (months, years) of observed
and simulated precipitation are often
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
have a consider-
able impact in an area where surface runoff is the dominant
process, but have a smaller impact on groundwater-fed
systems. Owing to the heterogeneity of the meteorological
conditions and the heterogeneous physiographical condi-
tions, climate and land use change impact studies on
hydrology often have a local to regional character.
[4] The majority of hydrological climate change
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
and our intention is to run these models dur-
ing times of hazardous events and even on a daily
basis to further improve monitoring.
Avalanche monitoring has progressed. The em-
phasis is now on improving our services, especially
to the Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration
with regard to transport. The reason is that com-
munity structure has changed considerably in recent
years and the need
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VED_AnnualReport-2013_screen.pdf
4
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 7
2 Study area and data ..................................................................................... 7
2.1 River basins .......................................................................................... 7
2.2 Streamflow data
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
2007a, b). BNs were tested in a recent EU
research project MERIT (Bromley, 2005; www.merit-
eu.net) 2001–2004, and this tool is currently considered in
Uncer
wate
NeWa
an
tainty is a central theme in integrated and adaptive
r management, where different disciplines need to be
Monitor and evaluate outcomes; apply learning to
develop a better understanding of the system.
(4)
Implement policies;(3
/media/loftslag/Henriksen_Barlebo-2008-AWM_BBN-Journ_Env_Management.pdf
, Veðurstofu Íslands
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 7
2 Model setup and data ................................................................................... 7
3 Model terrain and surface type ...................................................................... 9
4 Impact of initial conditions in blending
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf