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cauldrons and jökulhlaups
in Skaftá
3.1 The subglacial lakes
There are two powerful subglacial geothermal areas under the western part of the
Vatnajökull ice cap forming surface cauldrons by melting the glacier from the base.
The centers of the cauldrons are approximately at N 64 29.25’ W 17 30.50’ and N
64 29.75’ W 17 37.00’ and they are called the Eastern and Western Skaftá cauldrons,
respectively
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
Differences in net shortwave flux due to differences in cloud cover
(compare with Figure 5) are especially noticeable on 27 July and 3 August around (local) noon
when, off the south and southwest coast, the net flux under clear skies is increased by up to
300 W m 2, compared with neighbouring cloud-covered regions. Although, generally, there was
a more extensive cloud cover over the land on 3 August than
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
operational cost, etc.) and the annual
revenues
• consider an appropriate discount rate and assess NPV (net present
value), IRR (internal rate of return), and net cash flows
• rank alternatives by score level
• SCBA: social CBA – total benefits -/- total costs for society, in this
case benefits and costs often don’t accrue (entirely) to the same
organisation due to the public nature of a project
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf
)
is shown. At the margin the grid boxes of the RCAO RCM are
visible. The area between Illulisat and Swiss camp is commonly
called Paakitsôq.
respectively. The Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) Swiss Camp and Crawford are located
on the ice sheet and are operated by the Greenland Climate Network (GC-net) (Steffen and
Box, 2001). The locations of the stations are indicated in Fig. 1, further details
/media/ces/ces_geus_paakitsoq_full_report.pdf
). Meteorological observations carried
out on Storbreen in the summer of 1955 (Liestøl1967) revealed that net radiation is the most impor-tant contributor to the ablation at Storbreen. An au-tomatic weather station (AWS) has bee operatedin the ablation zone of Storbreen since September2001 providing a near-continuous series of meteor-
ology and surface energy balance data. Analysis ofthe first five years
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
a near-zero pre-industrial background concentration,
primarily due to human activities. {WGI 2.3, SPM; SROC SPM}
There is very high confidence that the global average net
effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warm-
ing, with a radiative forcing of +1.6 [+0.6 to +2.4] W/m2
(Figure 2.4). {WGI 2.3, 6.5, 2.9, SPM}
The combined radiative forcing due to increases in CO2, CH4
and N2O
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
by an objective
version of the Hess-Brezowsky Grosswetterlagen (OGWL; James, 2007) modified for the
COST733 Action1. The OGWL has been identified as well suited for regional hydrological
drought studies in north-western Europe (Fleig et al., in press 2). It is derived on a domain
covering the eastern North-Atlantic and Europe (30°-76°N; 37°W-58°E) and yields 29 WTs.
The WTs are characterised
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf
in sea-ice and snow sesearch
Allen Pope, Ian C. Willis, Finnur Pálsson, Neil S. Arnold1, W. Gareth Rees and Lauren
Grey ......................................................................................................................................... 31
Elevation change, mass balance, dynamics and surging of Langjökull, Iceland from 1997 to
2007
Peter Rieger
/media/vatnafar/joklar/Reykholt-abstracts.pdf