to theoretical framework. I do also want to thank him for an
enjoyable time during this work, both in the office and in the field.
This work was carried out as a part of the Skaftá cauldrons research project which
was funded and supported by the Icelandic Centre For Research (RANNÍS), Kvískerja-
sjóður, the NASA Astrobiology Institute, Landsvirkjun (the National Power Com-
pany), the National Energy
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systematically underestimated. The bias is not as pronounced for the non glacial rivers. Com-
bining synoptic-scale and basin-scale predictors (method 3) leads to a substantial improvement
compared to the use of MSLP fields alone (method 1). Analogue forecasts become similar or
better than persistence, depending on catchment and lead time. Usually, persistence performs
better for T=1 day and then method 3
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/VI_2013_008.pdf
the com-
plexity of the hydrological processes through modelling, but its application is usually limited to
the short-range. Although the results demonstrated a great potential for this method, its success-
ful application in real-time will strongly depend on the quality and availability of streamflow
observations, which can be poor or simply missing during periods of variable durations, e.g
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_006.pdf
This is also the case with
cyclones in all three sectors. Cyclones in the eastern or western sector are also strongly affected
by the presence of central cyclones. In both sectors, cyclones tend to move east, unless there are
cyclones in the neighbouring sector, in which case pressure tendencies are reversed.
21
Figure 10. Composite mean temporal MSLP tendencies, for different MSLP modes. Com-
posite mean
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_005.pdf
To distinguish between rain and snow, the volume is com-
pared to the water equivalent but the volume of snow is ten times larger.
Figure 1. How PWD22 determines the type of precipitation.
Using the information about the changes of the backscatter signal, water equivalent and temper-
ature the Vaisala Present Weather Detector can give information about the type of precipitation.
It is also used
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Hydrological Sciences Journal, 53, 100-111.
Kriauciuniené, J., Meilutyté-Barauskiené, D., Rimkus, E., Kays, J., Vincevicius, A. (2008). Climate change impact on hydrological processes in Lithuanian Nemunas river basin. Baltica, Vol. 21 (1-2), pp. 1-61. Vilnius. ISSN 3067-3064.
Lawrence, D., Haddeland, I. (2010). Uncertainty in hydrological modelling of climate change impacts in four Norwegian
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the contiguous USA. 30th Annual Applied Geography Conference, Indianapolis, October 2007. 10 pp.
Clausen, N.-E., Lundsager, P., Barthelmie, R., Holttinen, H., Laakso, T. & Pryor, S.C. (2007). Wind Power. In: J. Fenger (Ed.) Impacts of Climate Change on Renewable Energy Sources: Their role in the Nordic energy system, Nord 2007:003, 105-128.
Clausen N.E., Pryor S.C., Larsén X.G., Hyvönen R
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Sveinsson, S. M. Garðarsson and S. Gunnlaugsdóttir (Eds.), Northern hydrology and its global role: XXV Nordic hydrological conference, Nordic Association for Hydrology, Reykjavík, Iceland August 11-13, 2008, pp 615-622. Reykjavík: Icelandic Hydrological Committee.
Sveinsson, O.G.B., Linnet, Ú. & Elíasson, E.B. (2010). ” Hydropower in Iceland ? Impacts and adaption in future climate”, ”, Conference
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The International Forestry Review 12(5), p 28.
Alam, A., Kilpeläinen, A. and Kellomäki, S. (2010). Forest biomass for energy production ? Potentials, management and risks under climate change. Conference on Future Climate and Renewable Energy: Impacts, Risks and Adaptation, 31.5. ? 2.6.2010, Oslo, Norway. Conference Proceedings pp. 50-51.
Kellomäki, S. (2007). In: J. Fenger (Ed.) Impacts of Climate Change
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