a near-zero pre-industrial background concentration,
primarily due to human activities. {WGI 2.3, SPM; SROC SPM}
There is very high confidence that the global average net
effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warm-
ing, with a radiative forcing of +1.6 [+0.6 to +2.4] W/m2
(Figure 2.4). {WGI 2.3, 6.5, 2.9, SPM}
The combined radiative forcing due to increases in CO2, CH4
and N2O
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
....................................................................................... 10
3 September 2012 .................................................................................. 12
3 Radiation fluxes at the surface ....................................................................... 16
4 Heat fluxes at the surface .............................................................................. 21
5 Net energy
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
tg
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re
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aint
y
ha
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to
be
incorp
orated
:
1:
Ep
ist
/media/loftslag/VanderKeur_etal-2008-Uncertainty_IWRM-WARM.pdf
coastal areas(ag)
Location65°31.412', 13°49.004' (65.5235, 13.8167)
Height above sea-level28.0 m a.s.l.
Beginning of weather observations2017
Station owned byVeðurstofa Íslands - Ofanflóð
View the observations on a mapStation list
/weather/stations/
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proble
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leve
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uncertaint
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longe
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growt
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/media/loftslag/2012-Refsgaard_etal-uncertainty_climate-change-adaptation-MITI343.pdf
NONAM PhD course – Adaptive management in relation to climate change – Copenhagen 21-26/8/2011
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1
Outline for the case Road maintenance in a changing climate
Introduction
Roads and transport systems are vulnerable to climate change impacts (VTT 2011; Koetse and
Rietveld, 2009; Regmi & Hanaoka, 2011; Road ERA-net 2009 & 2010
/media/loftslag/Outline_for_the_case_Road_maintenance_in_a_changing_climate.pdf
operational cost, etc.) and the annual
revenues
• consider an appropriate discount rate and assess NPV (net present
value), IRR (internal rate of return), and net cash flows
• rank alternatives by score level
• SCBA: social CBA – total benefits -/- total costs for society, in this
case benefits and costs often don’t accrue (entirely) to the same
organisation due to the public nature of a project
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf
)
is shown. At the margin the grid boxes of the RCAO RCM are
visible. The area between Illulisat and Swiss camp is commonly
called Paakitsôq.
respectively. The Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) Swiss Camp and Crawford are located
on the ice sheet and are operated by the Greenland Climate Network (GC-net) (Steffen and
Box, 2001). The locations of the stations are indicated in Fig. 1, further details
/media/ces/ces_geus_paakitsoq_full_report.pdf
stage
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an
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ski
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Har
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et
a
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(2003
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be
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participator
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structur
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an
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proces
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implementatio
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et
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a
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(2010
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ar
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evaluatio
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(2008
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X
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/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
Manage- Basic Purchase Road Road net- Const- Acquisi- Govern- Com- Participati- Value Miscel- Total 2009
ment and road of equip- system work post- ruction tion of ment missi- on of the added laneous cost
operating manage- ment develop- poned-, of land grants ons European tax over- level
costs ment ment comprehen- build- and com- Regional De- heads
1991- 1991- sive- and ings pensation
/media/loftslag/Traffc-maintenance_expenditures.pdf