6 Net downward shortwave radiation flux at the surface .................................... 18
7 Net downward longwave radiation flux at the surface ..................................... 19
8 Net downward total radiation flux at the surface............................................ 20
9 Upward sensible heat flux from the ground .................................................. 22
10 Air
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
Manage- Basic Purchase Road Road net- Const- Acquisi- Govern- Com- Participati- Value Miscel- Total 2009
ment and road of equip- system work post- ruction tion of ment missi- on of the added laneous cost
operating manage- ment develop- poned-, of land grants ons European tax over- level
costs ment ment comprehen- build- and com- Regional De- heads
1991- 1991- sive- and ings pensation
/media/loftslag/Traffc-maintenance_expenditures.pdf
operational cost, etc.) and the annual
revenues
• consider an appropriate discount rate and assess NPV (net present
value), IRR (internal rate of return), and net cash flows
• rank alternatives by score level
• SCBA: social CBA – total benefits -/- total costs for society, in this
case benefits and costs often don’t accrue (entirely) to the same
organisation due to the public nature of a project
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf
). Meteorological observations carried
out on Storbreen in the summer of 1955 (Liestøl1967) revealed that net radiation is the most impor-tant contributor to the ablation at Storbreen. An au-tomatic weather station (AWS) has bee operatedin the ablation zone of Storbreen since September2001 providing a near-continuous series of meteor-
ology and surface energy balance data. Analysis ofthe first five years
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
of how climate change will
impact our countries” says Árni.A sustainable solution Powered entirely by Icelandic hydropower and geothermal energy sources
and taking advantage of the local tempered climate for keeping the
supercomputer components cool, the running costs and CO2 footprint
will be kept to a minimum, saving tonnes of CO2 in line with the
four nations' efforts towards reaching Net/about-imo/news/joining-forces-in-weather-forecasting-and-climate-research
a near-zero pre-industrial background concentration,
primarily due to human activities. {WGI 2.3, SPM; SROC SPM}
There is very high confidence that the global average net
effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warm-
ing, with a radiative forcing of +1.6 [+0.6 to +2.4] W/m2
(Figure 2.4). {WGI 2.3, 6.5, 2.9, SPM}
The combined radiative forcing due to increases in CO2, CH4
and N2O
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
is completely saturated and the unsaturated zone no
longer active. The net horizontal boundary outflow is the
Figure 5. Observed and simulated groundwater heads at locations A and B in Figure 2.
W00A15 VAN ROOSMALEN ET AL.: CLIMATE AND LAND USE CHANGE
9 of 18
W00A15
net outflow across the catchment boundary and accounts
primarily for groundwater flow to the sea. Drain flow
includes drainage from groundwater
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
of Eyjafjallajo¨kul), Hveravellir (Hv; 641 m a.s.l., ca. 100 km north of Tindfjallajo¨kull
and Torfajo¨kull) and Ho´lar (Ho) in Hornafjo¨rdur (18 m a.s.l.). The plot shows the elevation distribution of the Eyjafjallajo¨kull, Tindfjallajo¨kull and
Torfajo¨kull ice caps as area (km2) per 10 m elevation interval.
Mass balance of three ice caps in southern Iceland S. Gudmundsson et al.
2
(page number
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
recorded at 5-13 km depth, but fewer than
yesterday.
GPS deformation: Measurements from around Eyjafjallajökull indicate no major net
discplaceaments, suggesting a stabilization of the surface deformation
since yesterday.
Other remarks: Grainsize analysis of samples taken of ash that fell on May 3rd at 64
km distance from the eruption site shows that about 5 % of the ash is
smaller
/media/jar/Eyjafjallajokull_status_2010-05-07_IES_IMO.pdf