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operational cost, etc.) and the annual
revenues
• consider an appropriate discount rate and assess NPV (net present
value), IRR (internal rate of return), and net cash flows
• rank alternatives by score level
• SCBA: social CBA – total benefits -/- total costs for society, in this
case benefits and costs often don’t accrue (entirely) to the same
organisation due to the public nature of a project
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf
) in Europe yield contradictory results on the changes
in floods in many parts of Europe, including Finland. Dankers and
Feyen (2008) reported a considerable reduction of 10–40% in
100-year discharges in Finland, much of northern Sweden and
north-western Russia by the end of the century due to decrease
in snow accumulation; however Lehner et al. (2006) evaluated that
the 100-year floods in the same areas
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
to highly
negative summer balances, but also lower bw than
the average for 1949–2006. Calculated change in
specific mass balance for a ±1°C change in air tem-
perature was ±0.55 m w.e., whereas a ±10 % in-
crease in precipitation represented a change of ±
0.20 m w.e. Model results further indicated that for
a 2°C warming, the ablation season will be extend-
ed by c. 30 days and that the period
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
data, models or analyses, then
the following scale of confidence levels is used to express the assessed chance of a finding being correct: very high confidence at least 9 out
of 10; high confidence about 8 out of 10; medium confidence about 5 out of 10; low confidence about 2 out of 10; and very low confidence less
than 1 out of 10.
Where uncertainty in specific outcomes is assessed using expert
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
of how climate change will
impact our countries” says Árni.A sustainable solution Powered entirely by Icelandic hydropower and geothermal energy sources
and taking advantage of the local tempered climate for keeping the
supercomputer components cool, the running costs and CO2 footprint
will be kept to a minimum, saving tonnes of CO2 in line with the
four nations' efforts towards reaching Net/about-imo/news/joining-forces-in-weather-forecasting-and-climate-research
Focus
10. Rising carbon prices, putting price pressure on carbon-intensive inputs in the road
sector, including concrete, asphalt and bitumen.
11. Shorter logistics chains driven by shifts toward service consumption rather than
goods consumption, reducing Heavy Goods Vehicle traffic
12. Shift to biological primary resource inputs, reducing the need for mining,
metallurgy and other primary
/media/loftslag/Group4.pdf
day during the 1961–90 control
period, differences in percent of the control period between the control period and
the 2021–50 reference period, and linear trends in percent of the control period
per decade within the 2004–50 period, for the IPCC GCM ensemble mean, the
SMHI-RCAO, the MetNo-HIRHAM, and the DMI-HIRHAM5. . . . . . . . . . . 31
10 Mean annual air pressure at mean sea level
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
............................................................................................................... 8
PAST AND PRESENT CHANGES IN CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGY
Dyrrdal, A.V., Vikhamar-Schuler, D., Stranden, H.B. and Skaugen, T.
Analysis of past snow conditions in Norway – Time periods 1931-60, 1961-90 and 1979-08 ............................. 10
Crochet, P.
Impacts of historic climate variations on streamflow characteristics in Icelandic rivers
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf
................................................................................................................... 8
Liss M. Andreassen, Hallgeir Elvehøy, Sindre Engh and Bjarne Kjøllmoen ..................... 9
Lidar measurements of Norwegian glaciers – an overview
Neil Arnold* and Gareth Rees .............................................................................................. 10
Calculation of glacier velocity from repeat
/media/vatnafar/joklar/Reykholt-abstracts.pdf
and ice caps may be derived from data about the area distribution of ice bodies in the drainage
basin. Since the exponents g in the volume–area scalings v = csg for both ice caps and glaciers
TóJ 3 5.12.2009
Memo
Area (km2)
Volume
(km
3 )
50
100
50
100
150
200
250
50
100
150
200
250
a71
a71a71
a71
a71
10 50 500 500020 1000
1
5
10
0
100
0
2
2
0
20
0
200
0
100 10000
Icelandic ice
/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf