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annual temperature varied from 5 C
to 2 C and precipitation from 450 mm to 700 mm (Drebs et al.,
2002). Finland is a long country and the temperature gradient is
strong especially in winter (Fig. 1a), which affects the accumula-
tion and melting of snow.
In south-western Finland the thermal winter lasts on average
for 100 days whereas in northern Finland this season is about
100 days longer
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
and asimplified mass balance model suggests that airtemperature and albedo is satisfactorily parameter-ised, at least for the AWS altitude. However, thecompared period covers only 5 of the 58 modelledyears in this study. Furthermore, the specific win-ter, summer and net balances measured at Stor-breen in 2001–2006 deviate markedly from the
mean for the whole observation period. A combi-nation
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
summers, leading to melting permafrost in the northern part of Finland, resulting in
more frequent buckling of roadways, 5) increases in spring flooding and riparian flooding
and 6) coastal sea level rise and erosion (Jaroszweski, Chapman, & Petts, 2010).
Key uncertainties: 1) epistemic uncertainties- regionally down-scaled projected impacts,
road usage patterns, road safety data, cost data
/media/loftslag/Group4.pdf
and their interactions with sustainable develop-
Figure I.1. Schematic framework representing anthropogenic drivers, impacts of and responses to climate change, and their linkages.
Schematic framework of anthropogenic climate change drivers, impacts and responses
ment. Topic 5 assesses the relationship between adaptation and
mitigation on a more conceptual basis and takes a longer-term per-
spective. Topic 6
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
2008)
together with a regression line through this data set and a regression line derived for a data set
of more than a hundred valley glaciers (Bahr and others, 1997). The regression lines are of the
form
v = csg ; (5)
where v and s are glacier volume and area, respectively. The coefficient and exponent for the
Icelandic ice caps are c = 0:048, g = 1:23, when the area and volume are expressed
/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf
5
6
Welcome to the conference “ Future Climate and Renewable Energy: Impacts, Risks and
Adaptation”
We welcome you to the international conference Future Climate and Renewable Energy:
Impacts, Risks and Adaptation. The conference is convened by the Nordic-Baltic project
Climate and Energy Systems which is funded by Nordic Energy Research, the Nordic Energy
sector
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf
level coursed by tides is small with a range of less than 0.5 m.
Figur 1. Horsens Fjord catchment. WFD main catchment area is 794 km2
NONAM Summerschool Copenhagen 22-26 August 2011 2
Physical features and ecosystem
The fjord landscape is formed by glacial deposits. The average depth is 5 meters and the residence time
of water in the fjord is about 20 days. As to tidal variations
/media/loftslag/Horsens_case.pdf
opportunity evaluation
Case studies
NOE Net
SEAS-NVE
Findings of case studies
• Distribution companies generally well
equipped for climate change
– Cabling of all overhead lines well under way
– Distribution boxes in areas with increased risk of
flooding are elevated already
– Salt spray further inland is becoming an increasing
problem for substations and transformers
Cabling in Denmark
/media/ces/James-Smith_Edward_CES_2010.pdf