(DGPS) equipment
in 2001. Continuous profiles, approximately 1 km apart,
were measured in the accumulation zone and a dense net-
work of point measurements were carried out in the abla-
tion zone. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of the surface
and bedrock were created from these data (Fig. 2; Björns-
son and Pálsson, 2004). The estimated errors are at most
1–5 m (bias less than 1 m) for the surface
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
). Meteorological observations carried
out on Storbreen in the summer of 1955 (Liestøl1967) revealed that net radiation is the most impor-tant contributor to the ablation at Storbreen. An au-tomatic weather station (AWS) has bee operatedin the ablation zone of Storbreen since September2001 providing a near-continuous series of meteor-
ology and surface energy balance data. Analysis ofthe first five years
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
a near-zero pre-industrial background concentration,
primarily due to human activities. {WGI 2.3, SPM; SROC SPM}
There is very high confidence that the global average net
effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warm-
ing, with a radiative forcing of +1.6 [+0.6 to +2.4] W/m2
(Figure 2.4). {WGI 2.3, 6.5, 2.9, SPM}
The combined radiative forcing due to increases in CO2, CH4
and N2O
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
); new long-term investment strategy prioritizing low- or zero-net carbon forms of
mobility
2040 Modal shift in logistics chains, especially within heavy industry.
3.3 Backcasting scenario narrative
Low-Impact Mobility Project Evaluation (LIMPE)
Climate change is occurring. Is it natural or anthropogenic? It doesn’t matter. Even
though the future is inherently uncertain, one certainty
/media/loftslag/Group4.pdf
anomalies of the WTs during the periods leading up to the five
most severe droughts as compared to the average frequency of a given WT for the same
period of the year over the entire data record. A period equal to dreg preceding the drought
plus the 20 first days of the drought was used. All WTs with a net positive frequency anomaly
over the five events were considered to be associated
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf
precipitation and time of year (an index for
available net radiation) (Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997). This
equation has been calibrated and verified against observations of
Class A pan evaporation values (Vehviläinen and Huttunen,
1997). The actual evaporation is calculated from potential evapora-
tion and the soil moisture deficit. The changes in temperature and
precipitation affect
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf