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and our intention is to run these models dur-
ing times of hazardous events and even on a daily
basis to further improve monitoring.
Avalanche monitoring has progressed. The em-
phasis is now on improving our services, especially
to the Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration
with regard to transport. The reason is that com-
munity structure has changed considerably in recent
years and the need
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VED_AnnualReport-2013_screen.pdf
of the glaciers. An up to 8 m thick winter snow layer
was measured in the accumulation area (∼4 m w.e.). Ice melt
of up 10 m w.e. was measured in the lowest part of the ab-
lation zone in summer, and 2 m w.e. was melted during win-
ter. Taking into account ∼2 m of annual rainfall, the runoff
from this part of the glacier was estimated as ∼14 m w.e. per
year; a surprisingly high value (Ahlmann, 1939
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
evapotranspiration decreased by 19% and
22% for the two catchments, showing that the increased
biomass of the vegetation only partly compensated for the
30% reduction in transpiration due to stomatal closure, as a
result of the higher atmospheric CO2 concentration.
[8] The aim of this study is to determine the sensitivity of
the hydrological system to a number of meteorological and
land use factors, which
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
-corrected SPOT 5
high-resolution geometric (HRG) images with 2.5 m
2.5 m spatial resolution, acquired in the autumn 2003
and (4) airborne polarimetric synthetic aperture radar
images observed simultaneously to the 1998 EMISAR
images and the EMISAR DEM viewed as a shaded
relief image (Magnu´sson et al. 2005b).
We estimate the average specific net mass balance (in
m yr1 w. eq.) as
bn r
DV
A1 N
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
; fax: +358 20 490 2590.
E-mail address: Noora.Veijalainen@ymparisto.fi (N. Veijalainen).
Journal of Hydrology 391 (2010) 333–350
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Hydrology
journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/ locate / jhydrol
Author's personal copy
narios from GCMs or RCMs, and with different emission scenarios
(e.g. Menzel et al., 2006; Minville et al., 2008; Prudhomme and Da
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
decade within the 2004–50
period, for the UKMO HadCM3, and the MPI ECHAM5-r3. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7 Mean annual surface air temperature and total precipitation during the 1961–90
control period, and linear trends within the 1958–2001 period, for the ERA-40
reanalyses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8 Differences between the RCM and underlying
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
), the total change in glaciated area may be approximated as
DSa =
1
g
DVa
V1
S1 ; (8)
in case DVa < 0 or if DVa > 0 and there is sufficient previously ice-covered space to readvance
the ice margin (and DSa = 0 in case DVa >= 0 and there is insufficient space to advance the ice
margin). The change in average ice thickness is
Dha =
V1 +DVa
S1 +DSa
h1 ; (9)
TóJ 8 5.12.2009
Memo
in case DVa < 0, and Dha =DVa
/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf
..................................................................................... 7
2.3 Meteorological data ................................................................................ 8
2.4 Other data ............................................................................................ 8
3 Index flood method ...................................................................................... 11
3.1 General
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
to theoretical framework. I do also want to thank him for an
enjoyable time during this work, both in the office and in the field.
This work was carried out as a part of the Skaftá cauldrons research project which
was funded and supported by the Icelandic Centre For Research (RANNÍS), Kvískerja-
sjóður, the NASA Astrobiology Institute, Landsvirkjun (the National Power Com-
pany), the National Energy
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf