Manage- Basic Purchase Road Road net- Const- Acquisi- Govern- Com- Participati- Value Miscel- Total 2009
ment and road of equip- system work post- ruction tion of ment missi- on of the added laneous cost
operating manage- ment develop- poned-, of land grants ons European tax over- level
costs ment ment comprehen- build- and com- Regional De- heads
1991- 1991- sive- and ings pensation
/media/loftslag/Traffc-maintenance_expenditures.pdf
-free land areas is a difference in elevation.
Due to this height difference alone, lower temperatures are to be expected over snow-covered
regions, with reduced upward longwave radiation fluxes.
28
Figure 13. Net downward energy flux at the surface, with snowmelt, based on HARMONIE
model simulations.
29
Average downward radiation and heat fluxes on 27 July are shown in Figures 14 and 15
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
about 28% and losses from the polar ice sheets
contributing the remainder. From 1993 to 2003 the sum of these
climate contributions is consistent within uncertainties with the total
sea level rise that is directly observed. {WGI 4.6, 4.8, 5.5, SPM, Table
SPM.1}
Observed decreases in snow and ice extent are also consistent
with warming (Figure 1.1). Satellite data since 1978 show that an-
nual average
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
with 20% and 2% for the HIRHAM experiments
using HadAM3H and with 30% and 7% for the ECHAM-
driven experiments for Middle Europe and Scandinavia,
respectively.
[18] RCM output is not available for the entire period
1961–2100 because transient RCM simulations are com-
putationally very demanding. Instead two 30-year time
slices are available; one representative for the climate in
the period 1961–1990
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
-temporal terrestrial laser scanner data
Kjetil Melvold and Thomas Skaugen ................................................................................... 28
Spatial variability of snow depth determined from airborne laser scanning: implication for
snow course design example from Hardangervidda southern Norway
Finnur Pálsson, Eyjólfur Magnússon, Sverrir Guðmundsson, Helgi Björnsson , Hannes
/media/vatnafar/joklar/Reykholt-abstracts.pdf
operational cost, etc.) and the annual
revenues
• consider an appropriate discount rate and assess NPV (net present
value), IRR (internal rate of return), and net cash flows
• rank alternatives by score level
• SCBA: social CBA – total benefits -/- total costs for society, in this
case benefits and costs often don’t accrue (entirely) to the same
organisation due to the public nature of a project
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf
of 10-m wind speed in January ................................... 25
17 Average diurnal cycles of 10-m wind speed in July........................................ 26
18 Monthly averages of 10-m wind speed, as a function of terrain elevation ............ 27
19 Monthly mean fields of 10-m wind speed .................................................... 28
20 Monthly variability of 10-m wind speed
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
.Allocatio
n
o
fresource
s
Authoritie
sca
n
tak
e
loan
san
d
depreciat
e
thei
rassets
,t
o
facilitat
e
efficien
tus
e
o
f
resource
s
an
d
replacemen
to
fasset
s
Diet
z
et
al
.(
200
3),
Pahl-Wos
te
t
al
.(
2007
c)
Financia
lresource
s
diversifie
d
usin
g
a
broa
d
se
t
o
fprivat
e
an
d
publi
c
financia
l
instrument
s
Diet
z
et
al
.(
200
3),
Pahl-Wos
te
t
al
.(
2007
c)
28
.Privat
e
secto
r
participatio
/media/loftslag/Huntjens_etal-2010-Climate-change-adaptation-Reg_Env_Change.pdf
; fax: +358 20 490 2590.
E-mail address: Noora.Veijalainen@ymparisto.fi (N. Veijalainen).
Journal of Hydrology 391 (2010) 333–350
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Hydrology
journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/ locate / jhydrol
Author's personal copy
narios from GCMs or RCMs, and with different emission scenarios
(e.g. Menzel et al., 2006; Minville et al., 2008; Prudhomme and Da
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf