is underestimated by ECMWF operational
analyses, with a warm bias in winter, and a cold bias in summer.
However, the question remains about the causes for the wintertime negative temperature biases
introduced by SURFEX. With a warm bias in the HARMONIE core model, the cooling of the
near-surface atmosphere must be related to the
description of boundary-layer processes. In
com-
parison with a detailed land
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