). The ice caps are Eyjafjallajo¨kull (ca. 81 km2),
Tindfjallajo¨kull (ca. 15 km2) and Torfajo¨kull (ca. 14 km2). The DEMs were
compiled using aerial photographs from 1979 to 1984, airborne Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR) images obtained in 1998 and two image pairs from the
SPOT 5 satellite’s high-resolution stereoscopic (HRS) instrument acquired in
2004. The ice-free part of the accurate DEM from 1998
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
of events closely.
Photo: Sigurlaug Gunnlaugsdóttir.
Bárðarbunga
Pálmi Erlendsson, Bergur H. Bergsson and others installing GPS and com-
munication equipment. Photos: Þorgils Ingvarsson and Benedikt G. Ófeigsson.
I C E L A N D I C M E T O F F I C E / A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 4
5
The magma intrusion from Bárðarbunga
to the eruption site at Holuhraun and
related tremor pulses
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
and our intention is to run these models dur-
ing times of hazardous events and even on a daily
basis to further improve monitoring.
Avalanche monitoring has progressed. The em-
phasis is now on improving our services, especially
to the Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration
with regard to transport. The reason is that com-
munity structure has changed considerably in recent
years and the need
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VED_AnnualReport-2013_screen.pdf
level in Skeidará waned. The last sign of a
crater explosion was seen at GRF early on 6
November, leaving only a weak tremor signal
from the remnants of the jökulhlaup. The
jökulhlaup fi nally ended in early December,
after ~0.8 km3 of water had drained from the
Grímsvötn lake (J. Hardardóttir, personal com-
munication, 2005).
Location and Volume Constraints
Earthquake locations at Grímsvötn
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf
a systematic com-
parison of results to observed precipitation has been carried out. Un-
dercatchment of solid precipitation is dealt with by looking only at
days when precipitation is presumably liquid or by considering the
occurrence and non-occurrence of precipitation. Away from non-
resolved orography, the long term means (months, years) of observed
and simulated precipitation are often
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
and possibly the stake-
holders at different phases of the modelling project.
Many QA guidelines exist such as Middlemis (2000) and
Van Waveren et al. (1999). The HarmoniQuA project (Schol-
ten et al., 2007; Refsgaard et al., 2005a) has developed a com-
prehensive set of QA guidelines for multiple modelling
domains combined with a supporting software tool, MoST
(downloadable via http
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
least-squares line derived by Bahr and others (1997) for 144 glaciers not
including ice caps. The figure also shows numerical simulations of the volume and area for
southern Vatnajökull, Langjökull and Hofsjökull (Jóhannesson and others, 2007) for a warm-
ing climate scenario developed as a part of the Climate and Energy (CE) project (Fenger, 2007).
Symbols denote pairs of volume and area with 50
/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf
with 20% and 2% for the HIRHAM experiments
using HadAM3H and with 30% and 7% for the ECHAM-
driven experiments for Middle Europe and Scandinavia,
respectively.
[18] RCM output is not available for the entire period
1961–2100 because transient RCM simulations are com-
putationally very demanding. Instead two 30-year time
slices are available; one representative for the climate in
the period 1961–1990
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
in an overall
cold bias, compared with station measurements. To test, whether this is due to the HARMONIE
model core or the external surface scheme, biases of 2-m temperature from SURFEX are com-
pared with biases of temperature projected from the lowest two model levels to 2 mAGL. It is
found that the negative temperature biases are due to shallow inversion layers near the ground,
which are introduced
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
improving
management policies and practices by learning from the
outcomes of implemented management strategies. Partici-
patory integrated assessment is here a form of problem
structuring for identification of gaps, ambiguity and
multiple frames, confrontation, and integration of the
most divergent views with respect to a given problem
situation.
Additional methods and tools that AM require com/media/loftslag/Henriksen_Barlebo-2008-AWM_BBN-Journ_Env_Management.pdf