2000-3000 years with variations of 25
cm at most over timescales of several centuries. The few pre-1900 tide gauge records, evidence from
paleo coastal sediments and reconstructed mean sea levels modelled using combined tide gauge data
and satellite altimetry suggest an acceleration in global mean sea level rise in the late 19th and early
20th century (figure 4) (Church, Clark, et al., 2013
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_005.pdf
characteristics:
Type of products: Airborne tephra, water transported tephra
Volcanic Explosivity Index Max: VEI 4; most freq: VEI 3-4; min: VEI 0
Column heights: No information
Duration of eruptions: Weeks to months
Bulk volume tephra (km3): Max: no information, aver: 0.1, min: no information
Fallout beyond 1000 km: No information
Tephra <63µm at 30 km No information
Bulk volume lava
/media/jar/Bardarbunga_kafli20140825.pdf
(m³/s)
R
ef
. (m
³/s
)
µ(D)=(θ0) + (θ1)(AWm)
Rel. RMSE= 0.79
NS= 0.73
MAE= 86
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
ll
l
0 10002000
0
100
0
200
0
300
0
Pred. (m³/s)
R
ef
. (m
³/s
)
µ(D)=(θ0) + (θ1)(AWm Z)
Rel. RMSE= 1.3
NS= −0.84
MAE= 191
Figure II.2. As Fig II-1 but considering a linear relationship: dµ(D) = q0 + q1V . Models
13–24.
30
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
growth
Carbon dioxide
concentration at
th t h
Regeneration
distribution, growth rate
of different species
Different tree e a mosp ere
Mortality
10
Input data
Finnish NFI data
• total 2816 permanent sample plots for the
whole of Finland (south: 1855; north: 961)
FMI - Climatic data
• Current climate (1971-2000)
• Changing climate during 2010-2099
(2010-2039; 2040-2069; 2070-2099)
A2
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf
that is lost from the main river course as further discussed in
the main text.
from the eastern cauldron are normally larger. They most often rise in one to two
days reaching maximum discharge in excess of 1000 m3 s 1. Maximum discharge of
nearly 2000 m3 s 1 has been measured. This discharge peak, which is much higher
than the normal discharge of Skaftá, lasts for three to four days (Zóphóníasson
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
wide and
1000 m long shelf called Þófi, terminating at 80–100 m a.s.l., see Map 4. The inclination of
the shelf is 15 on average. The surface of Þófi is covered with unconsolidated glacial till and
landslide deposits and marked with five gullies. The brook called Þófalækur near the middle of
the shelf divides it into an inner and outer part. On the outermost part of the shelf, there is a small
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2016/VI_2016_006_rs.pdf
in five-year basis
Current state of the road network affects the possible decisions to be made at the moment
Political adaptation
Management structures have to be more flexible and ready to apply adaptive management
Technological adaptation
0
10002000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1985199019952000200520102015202020252030
vans (mln.
tonkm)
lorries (mln.
tonkm)
0
10000
20000
30000
/media/loftslag/Group3-Road-scenarios.pdf
and possibly the stake-
holders at different phases of the modelling project.
Many QA guidelines exist such as Middlemis (2000) and
Van Waveren et al. (1999). The HarmoniQuA project (Schol-
ten et al., 2007; Refsgaard et al., 2005a) has developed a com-
prehensive set of QA guidelines for multiple modelling
domains combined with a supporting software tool, MoST
(downloadable via http
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf