al, 2009). In turn the further development of these systems to
adequately account for climate change needs often rather detailed technical research (Petkovic et
al, 2010; IRWIN 2009). Judgment of effects and prioritization of actions will also depend on the
way road and maintenance is funded (from the annual budget; from a fund; through public-private
partnership PPP) and whether some kind
/media/loftslag/Outline_for_the_case_Road_maintenance_in_a_changing_climate.pdf
is unlikely to have
arisen from unforced variability and is consis-
tent with modeled response to climate forcing
(15). Paleohydrologic studies suggest that
small changes in mean climate might produce
large changes in extremes (16), although
attempts to detect a recent change in global
flood frequency have been equivocal (17,
18). Projected changes in runoff during the
multidecade lifetime of major
/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
e
nea
r
futur
e
do
no
t
limi
tth
e
rang
e
o
f
possibl
e
measure
s
tha
tca
n
be
take
n
in
th
e
fa
rfutur
e
an
d
ar
e
preferabl
y
reversibl
e
Vos
s
et
al
.(
200
6),
Dub
e
an
d
Swatu
k
(200
2),
Kicker
te
t
al
.(
199
7)
14
.Experimentatio
n
Small-scal
e
polic
y
experiment
s
tak
e
place/ar
e
financiall
y
supporte
d
Vos
s
et
al
.(
200
6),
Sanderso
n
(200
2)
15
.Consideratio
n
o
f
possibl
e
measure
s
/media/loftslag/Huntjens_etal-2010-Climate-change-adaptation-Reg_Env_Change.pdf
Arctic sea ice extent has shrunk by 2.7 [2.1 to 3.3]%
per decade, with larger decreases in summer of 7.4 [5.0 to 9.8]%
per decade. Mountain glaciers and snow cover on average have
declined in both hemispheres. The maximum areal extent of sea-
sonally frozen ground has decreased by about 7% in the Northern
Hemisphere since 1900, with decreases in spring of up to 15%.
Temperatures at the top
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
budget and financial resources. The division supports and
provides information to directors and managers within IMO. The division takes
care of formal reporting, accounting, and dissemination of financial and
operational information to the government, partners, managers, and general
employees of the organization with the aim of increased transparency and
improved disclosure regarding finances
/about-imo/imos-organisational-chart/
affect roads and other communication lines, and changes that affect travellers in highland areas and the tourist industry.
Glaciers cover about 11% of the area of Iceland and they receive about 20% of the precipitation that falls on the country. They store the equivalent of 15-20 years of annual average precipitation over the whole country as ice. Substantial changes in the volume of glacier ice may
/ces/project/hydropower_snow_ice/
Haapala, J., Jylhä, K., Tolonen-Kivimäki, O., and
Tuomenvirta, H., 2010: Climate Change and Freight Transport. Ministry of Transport and Communications –
publication 15/2010. 98 pp. (in Finnish, abstract in English).
NONAM Workshop Reykjavik 26 & 27 August 2010 – Summary
9
Text box – questions on which was deliberated in both parallel sessions
1. Which stakeholders should be involved
/media/vedurstofan/NONAM_1st_workshop_summary_v3.pdf
-time and
detects signal characteristics similar to previously observed eruptions using a three-fold
detection procedure based on: 1) an amplitude threshold; 2) the signal-to-noise ratio; and 3) an
emergent ramp-like shape. Data from six Icelandic eruptions was used to assess and tune the
module, which can provide 10–15 minutes of warning for Hekla up to over two hours of
warning for some other
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2021/VI_2021_008.pdf