such as tornadoes,
hail, lightning and dust storms. There is no clear trend in the annual
numbers of tropical cyclones. {WGI 3.2, 3.8, 4.4, 5.3, SPM}
2
Causes of change
Topic 2 Causes of change
36
Causes of change
This Topic considers both natural and anthropogenic drivers of
climate change, including the chain from greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions to atmospheric concentrations to radiative
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
York collaborated in installing a seismograph network throughout Iceland, including a network of five seismographs in the interior of the country. During the same period the number of stations in the IMO network increased markedly.
A new era of seismic monitoring began in Iceland in 1991, when a digital seismic system, the SIL system, was upgraded to fully automatic operation. It was designed
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/conferences/jsr-2009/100_years/
of Akureyri
Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland
KAUST, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
Húsavík Academic Center
Icelandic Meteorological Office
Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, University of Iceland
Civil Protection Department, National Commisioner of the Icelandic Police
Iceland Catastrophe Insurance
Husavik Academic centre
Ministry of the Interior/about-imo/news/nr/2701
times because two distinct types of tremor were
seen preceding the eruption.
Volcano Name
and Date of
Summit
Eruption
Stat.
Visual tremor arrival ALERT tremor detection
Summit
Eruption
Time
Max
Warning
Time
2.0-4.0
Hz
1.0-2.0
Hz
0.5-1.0
Hz
2.0-4.0
Hz
1.0-2.0
Hz
0.5-1.0
Hz
Grímsvötn
Dec. 28, 1998
skr
03:35,
09:12
03:36,
09:01
03:35,
08:58
03:40,
08:21
03:40
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2021/VI_2021_008.pdf
the
interior of the ice sheet is somewhat too dry (Fig. 9b). By average a mean negative precipitation
bias of 0.16myr−1 results which equals 43% of the mean from Burgess et al. (2010) (Table 2).
6 Bias Correction and Future Scenario Runs
After having specified a number of biases in the RCM output the model runs were repeated
with bias-corrected RCM data.
To correct the temporal bias of Ta, daily
/media/ces/ces_geus_paakitsoq_full_report.pdf
run, and the blended initial field for the subsequent run. During the
first forecast hour, model simulations tend towards the values at the end of the previous run, but
especially in the interior of the island, some significant differences remain.
14
For 2-m air temperature and 10-m wind speed, this is illustrated in Figure 5, based on average
diurnal cycles, calculated separately for grid points
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
Dashed lines encompass the V-shaped zone of tephra deposition. (c)
Oblique aerial view from west of the tephra plume at Grímsvötn on 2 November. Note the ashfall
from the plume. (Photo by M. J. Roberts.) (d) Weather radar image at 0400 UTC on 2 November.
The top portion shows its projection on an EW-vertical plane. The minimum detection height for
Grímsvötn is seen at 6 km, and the plume extends
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf