) and Jónsdóttir (2008).
Therefore, comparison of measured and simulated water balance cannot be di-
rectly used for validation of the model-generated precipitation. According to the
non-scaled MM5 output for the period 1961–1990, mean precipitation for the
whole of Iceland was 1790 mm y−1. After scaling the precipitation, this value
was reduced to 1750mm y−1, i.e. by approximately 2%. This difference
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
an important part of the runoff from many areas. In total, approximately
20% of runoff in Iceland originates from groundwater (Hjartarson, 1994a).
In the above mentioned previous simulation of runoff map for Iceland for the period 1961–
1990, groundwater was omitted. Effects of groundwater flowing across watershed
boundaries were simulated by scaling the precipitation for each watershed. On watersheds
/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
the maximum discharge of jökulhlaup water at the glacier
terminus is estimated as 97 m3 s 1. This jökulhlaup was a fast-rising jökulhlaup as
other jökulhlaups in Skaftá and cannot be described by the traditional Nye-theory of
jökulhlaups. The total volume of flood water was estimated as 53 Gl. The average
propagation speed of the subglacial jökulhlaup flood front was found to be in the range
0.2–0.4 m s 1
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
incorporated
into the CORINE Land Cover 2006 (CLC2006) inventory (Árnason and Matthíasson, 2009).
In the model, the total land area (95,570 km2) is broken down into the following surface types
(percentages of terrain type coverage refer to the total model land area):
Sparse tundra: 39,421 km2 (41.3%)
Tundra: 23,688 km2 (24.8%)
Subpolar pastures: 11,364 km2 (11.9%)
Permanent snow: 10,046 km2 (10.5
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
Number
Faxaflói1Breiðafjörður0West fjords0North West0North East0Eastern coastal area0East fjords0South East 0South0Central highlands0
Total:1
Last 24 hours
Region
Number
/avalanches/notifications/
methodology is widely utilized by many automatic earthquake detectors, but instead of having
window lengths on the order of minutes, like the ALERT module, they have window durations
on the order of seconds. A longer STA window duration will make the module less sensitive to
small signals (Trnkoczy, 1999). Additionally, the total duration of the STA and LTA windows
may not exceed 24 hours
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2021/VI_2021_008.pdf
into three categories:
those characterized by numerous lakes in the central part of the
country; small and medium sized coastal rivers; and large and
medium sized rivers of northern Finland (Fig. 1b) (Mustonen,
1986; Korhonen and Kuusisto, 2010). Thousands of lakes (4500
over 0.5 km2 and 188,000 lakes of at least 0.05 ha) that cover about
10% of the total area of Finland give the watersheds in central
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
in a collaboration between the Austrian engineering company Ingenieurbüro
Illmer Daniel e.U. (DI), Efla consulting engineers and the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO).
Daniel Illmer carried out the analysis of landslide protection measures, Jón Kristinn Helgason,
Tómas Jóhannesson and Eiríkur Gíslason wrote sections about the geographical setting, the land-
slide history and the assessment
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2016/VI_2016_006_rs.pdf
from
computer implementation of the model, e.g. due to numer-
ical approximations, resolution in space and time, and
bugs in the software.
The total uncertainty on the model simulations, model output
uncertainty, can be assessed by uncertainty propagation taken
all the above sources into account.
3.3. Nature of uncertainty
Walker et al. (2003) explain that the nature of uncertainty
can
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf