continues to flow to the north under the ice cap, advancing ~1 km from the crater. Depressions in the ice-surface have formed due to lava being in contact with ice; these features have enlarged considerably since 24 April. The surface of Gígjökull is grey due to ash deposition; likewise, the north-western flank of Eyjafjallajökull is black in appearance.
Booming sounds were reported yesterday from
/about-imo/news/nr/1891
continues to flow to the north under the ice cap, advancing ~1 km from the crater. Depressions in the ice-surface have formed due to lava being in contact with ice; these features have enlarged considerably since 24 April. The surface of Gígjökull is grey due to ash deposition; likewise, the north-western flank of Eyjafjallajökull is black in appearance.
Booming sounds were reported yesterday from
/about-imo/news/2010/nr/1891
(Baker and Bunker, 1985). The Missoula jökulhlaups originated in
huge glacier-dammed lakes in the watershed of the Columbia River in western USA.
The idea of Bretz (1923) that jökulhlaups had formed the various sedimentary and ero-
sional features that are noticeable along the course of the Columbia River was highly
debated when it was first proposed . “In the beginning it met great resistance
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
Introduction
to adaptive
management
Hans Jørgen Henriksen
Geological Survey of Denmark and
Greenland (GEUS)
NONAM summerschool 22-26 August 2011
Outline
• “Stationarity is dead” (Milly et al., 2008)
• Definitions and key features of adaptive
management (Huntjens et al. 2010; Henriksen
and Barlebo, 2008)
• Adaptive management and climate change
responsiveness (Huntjens et al. 2010
/media/loftslag/Henriksen-AM.pdf
Additionally, some maps contain circular outlines; these features represent volcanic calderas and central volcanoes (Einarsson and Sæmundsson, 1987). Mapped faults and fissures are also shown on some regional maps.
Earthquake graphs
The graphs show the timing and size of the earthquakes depicted in the map above the graph. The same colour-coding applies to the graphs as to the maps (see
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/1225
crater is ~50 m lower than the
surrounding ice cauldron. Volcanic spatter was observed from the vent, with ejected lava
reaching heights of 100–200 m. Unstable plumes of ash rise regularly from the vent. Lava
continues to flow to the north, advancing ~1 km from the crater. Depressions in the ice-surface
have formed due to lava being in contact with ice; these features have enlarged considerably
/media/jar/myndsafn/Eyjafj_status_2010-04-27.pdf
Costs
of road maintenance are considerably high. Hence, it is important to optimize the maintenance to minimize
the costs. Fig. 1 shows the relationships between maintenance costs and different factors affecting the
costs.
Maintenance costs
Climate change
Technical
advancement
Policies
Traffic volume
Maintenance
strategies
Weather
Natural features
Research
Fig. 1 …….
Who are we
/media/loftslag/Group3-Road-scenarios.pdf
6University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7NOAA Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: cmilly@usgs.gov.
An uncertain future challenges water planners.
Published by AAAS
on July 12, 201
1
www.sciencemag.or
g
Downloaded from
1 FEBRUARY 2008 VOL 319 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org574
POLICYFORUM
combined with opera-
tions
/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
Mitigation
Study - Empirical Study Results
• Homes with obvious hurricane mitigation features
sell on the market at a premium to homes without
mitigation.
• This result is independent of hurricane activity,
although more pronounced after an event.
• Homes with a greater resistance to wind forces sell
on the market at a premium to homes with lower
resistance to wind forces.
Hurricane Market
/media/loftslag/FMI_-_Disaster_Mitigation.pdf
of precipitation
extremes
too intense precipitation
extremes in northern
Scandinavia
(close to the boundary
relaxation zone, a few
observational stations)
Common features:
biases < 20-30% are not
significant at the 10% sig.
level
Evaluation of precipitation extremes
Pmax,20 | Winter (1961-1990)
underestimation over mountain
slopes in southern Scandinavia
overestimation in northern
Scandinavia
/media/ces/Nikulin_Grigory_CES_2010.pdf