than can be expected to originate from the cauldrons, three to four times the wa-
ter equivalent of the accumulation of snow over the watershed of the cauldrons. It has
been estimated that flow from the cauldrons, in addition to the jökulhlaups, could be
2–5 m3 s 1 at maximum (Vatnaskil, 2005). It is possible that part of the sulfate-rich
groundwater from the glacier comes from the cauldrons
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
with vertical boundary-layer profiles calculated di-
rectly from HARMONIE model levels. Due to the temporal and spatial variability of model
level heights, for the calculation of average vertical profiles, individual model profiles above
6The large positive bias northeast of Vatnajökull is due to the unusually cold summertime temperatures measured
at Station 5932, situated near the edge
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
in a collaboration between the Austrian engineering company Ingenieurbüro
Illmer Daniel e.U. (DI), Efla consulting engineers and the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO).
Daniel Illmer carried out the analysis of landslide protection measures, Jón Kristinn Helgason,
Tómas Jóhannesson and Eiríkur Gíslason wrote sections about the geographical setting, the land-
slide history and the assessment
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2016/VI_2016_006_rs.pdf
with the same method used to estimate
qR(D;T ), but instead of pooling AMF series for a given duration D from different sites, the
estimation is made individually for each site i by pooling AMF series for different durations D.
The index flood, µi(D), is modelled at each site i as a continuous function of D, as follows:
12
µi(D) =
µi
1+(D=Di)li
; (6)
where µi, Di and li are basin dependent parameters
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
value of the least squares line matched
the expected 2010 value based on the AR modelling of the
past climate.
The trend analysis of the future climate eliminates the di-
rect use of a past baseline period in the derivation of the sce-
narios and provides a consistent match with the recent cli-
mate development. Furthermore, the statistical matching of
the past climate observations with the trend
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf