The hydrological simulations were performed with the Wa-
tershed Simulation and Forecasting System (WSFS) developed
and operated in the Finnish Environment Institute (Vehviläinen
et al., 2005). The WSFS is used in Finland for operational hydrolog-
ical forecasting and flood warnings (www.environment.fi/water-
forecast/), regulation planning and research purposes
(Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
ea
th
,
th
e
m
et
ho
d
u
se
d
at
th
is
st
ag
e
fo
r
th
es
e
st
ak
eh
o
ld
er
typ
es
is
sp
ec
ied
.Sh
oul
d
ther
e
be
tw
o
o
r
mor
e
model
sbein
g
develope
d
in
th
e
process
,the
n
th
e
typ
e
o
fmode
lt
o
whic
h
th
e
metho
d
wa
s
applie
d
is
show
n
in
parentheses
.O
T
re
fe
rs
to
th
e
co
m
po
si
tio
n
o
ft
he
o
rg
an
iz
in
g
te
am
.
Fo
r
o
rg
an
iz
in
g
te
am
in
vo
lve
m
en
t
in
di
ffe
re
n
t
pa
rt
/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
of
Greenland and Antarctica appear to be driven by changes in basal sliding that are most likely
caused by variations in the amount and pressure of basal water. As a part of lidar mapping of
the surface of glaciers and ice caps in Iceland 2008–2012, some source areas for jökulhlaups
(glacier outburst floods) have been surveyed more than once. These include the Skaftá
cauldrons in western
/media/vatnafar/joklar/Reykholt-abstracts.pdf
uncertainties, as well as some hydrological engineering aspects.
1. Wind-caused undercatch of rainfall by rain gauges.
2. Differences in accumulated precipitation over fixed intervals; for instance, 24-hour
periods from midnight to midnight (referred to here as daily values), or from 09:00 to
09:00 the following day, in comparison to precipitation accumulated over a constantly
sliding 24-hour window
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_008.pdf