are largest. Positive sensible heat fluxes also occur over
the interior regions of Vatnajökull and Hofsjökull at around noon on 27 July, due to the cold
northeasterly flow over the glaciers (see Figure 10). However, along the edges and on the other
icecaps, sensible heat fluxes under clear skies are directed from the atmosphere to the snow. On 3
August, with clear skies, weak winds, and with above freezing
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
the
interior of the ice sheet is somewhat too dry (Fig. 9b). By average a mean negative precipitation
bias of 0.16myr−1 results which equals 43% of the mean from Burgess et al. (2010) (Table 2).
6 Bias Correction and Future Scenario Runs
After having specified a number of biases in the RCM output the model runs were repeated
with bias-corrected RCM data.
To correct the temporal bias of Ta, daily
/media/ces/ces_geus_paakitsoq_full_report.pdf
m
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/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
The hydrological simulations were performed with the Wa-
tershed Simulation and Forecasting System (WSFS) developed
and operated in the Finnish Environment Institute (Vehviläinen
et al., 2005). The WSFS is used in Finland for operational hydrolog-
ical forecasting and flood warnings (www.environment.fi/water-
forecast/), regulation planning and research purposes
(Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
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/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
-based and 10 based on IPCC GCM
simulations. The choice of the GCM models was based on their SAT
performance for the present-day climate near Iceland as mentioned above.
2. For GCM-based scenarios, temperature change in the highland interior of
Iceland, where the large ice caps are located, were increased by 25% based on
the results of RCM downscaling (Nawri & Björnsson, 2010).
3. Expected
/media/ces/2010_016.pdf
the report.
2 Study area and data
2.1 River basins
The region under study is located in the East fjords and the surrounding area (Fig. 1). This region
is characterised by a complex topography along the coast, Vatnajökull ice cap in the southwest
and highlands in the interior. This leads to large precipitation and temperature gradients in the
region (Crochet et al., 2007; Crochet & Jóhannesson, 2011). Eight
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
by 25 % in the interior of Ice-
land, where the large ice caps are located (Nawri and Björns-
son, 2010).
Before year 2010, the glacier model is forced with daily
mean records constructed from the monthly mean observed
temperature and precipitation as previously explained. Pos-
sible natural variations in the climate are important for near-
future projections as the magnitude of the expected
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
Kjøllmoenet al. 2007).Storbreen is located just east of the main waterdivide between east and west in southern Norwayand receives precipitation from both directions(Liestøl 1967). The glacier is part of an east–west
mass balance transect in southern Norway where
mass turnover is largest near the western coast anddecreases towards the drier interior (Andreassen etal. 2005). Storbreen is in this respect
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf