that increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases will
lead to substantial changes in the global climate during this century (IPCC 2007), estimates of
the magnitude (and for some aspects of climate, the direction) of the forthcoming changes are
uncertain. This uncertainty comes from three basic sources:
z Scenario uncertainty: future changes in the atmospheric composition, and thus the
external
/media/ces/raisanen_ruosteenoja_CES_D2.2.pdf
; fax: +358 20 490 2590.
E-mail address: Noora.Veijalainen@ymparisto.fi (N. Veijalainen).
Journal of Hydrology 391 (2010) 333–350
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Hydrology
journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/ locate / jhydrol
Author's personal copy
narios from GCMs or RCMs, and with different emission scenarios
(e.g. Menzel et al., 2006; Minville et al., 2008; Prudhomme and Da
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
were carried out to obtain the flow and
sliding parameters for Hoffellsjökull that resulted in a good
simulation of the observed 20th century evolution of the
glacier geometry. The obtained values for the rate factor
and the sliding parameter are A= 4.6× 10−15 s−1 kPa−3 and
C = 10× 10−15 m a−1 Pa−3, respectively.
The ice divide is kept at a fixed location in the model com-
putations presented here
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
). This can be helpful with respect to
finding a common structure in presenting as well in session reporting (for which angles
mentioned in the opening session statements of the Workshop participants can provide
checkpoints).”
Session rapporteur allocation
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/media/loftslag/Outline_for_the_case_Road_maintenance_in_a_changing_climate.pdf
Pálsson F., Rögnvaldsson
Ó., Sigurðsson O., Snorrason Á., Sveinsson Ó. G. B., Thorsteinsson Th. 2007.
Effect of climate change on hydrology and hydro-resources in Iceland. Rep.
OS-2007/011, National Energy Authority, Reykjavík.
Liang, X.-Z., Li L. and Kunke K. E. 2004 Regional climate model simulation
of U.S. precipitation during 1982–2002. Part I: Annual cycle. J. Climate, 17,
3510–3529.
Pálsson, F
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_91.pdf
L. Michaelis, S. Mori, T. Morita, W.Pepper,
H. Pitcher, L. Price, K. Raihi, A. Roehrl, H.-H. Rogner, A. Sankovski, M.Schlesinger,
P.Shukla, S. Smith, R. Swart, S. van Rooijen, N. Victor, Z. Dadi, 2000: IPCC Special Report
on Emission Scenarios. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom and New York, NY,
USA.
a)
b)
c)
Fig.1 Change of annual extreme temperature range
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_VMGO.pdf
” The latter is in our case
a policy decision represented by point z in Fig. 1. In
European water management, typical policy
decisions that involve participation include water
management plans.
Leading up to the policy decision is the participation
process, represented by the space between points y
and z, in which stakeholders interact with each other
but also with the agency responsible
/media/loftslag/vonKorff_etal-2010.pdf
) is considered as a sequence of steps
corresponding to n individual glaciers of different sizes (with volumes vi and areas si for i = 1
to n), or using
V (v) =
Z v
0
1
g
dS
ds
dx ; (7)
where the slope of the area distribution function, dS=ds, is considered as a function of ice vol-
TóJ 5 5.12.2009
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0 50 100 150 200
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Cumulative area (km2)
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/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf
which are significantly lower com-
pared with similar beginning and end years. Consequently, for the 2004–50 period, the average
RCM warming rates of 0.29 K per decade over the ocean, and 0.35 K per decade over the land are
somewhat larger than for the reduced IPCC ensemble mean.
Additionally, the tabulated values of SAT differences between the 1961–90 control period and
either the 2021–50
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf