in estimating the height of the plume. At this time, the plume reached heights of 8 - 12 km.
During the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, the weather radar proved to be a very useful tool, but the great distance to the eruption site (160 km) reduced the quality of the data. Therefore, a mobile X-band weather radar was purchased, but while this custom made radar was being assembled and tested, another
/about-imo/news/nr/2183
)+Ewi1( ˜X2) (5)
⇔ EUi1 = pi1[vi1(Xi1)+wi1(X2)] + (1 − pi1)[vi1(Xi1)+wi1(X2)] (6)
here vi1(·) represents the utility from the first mover’s own gain. We assume constant relative
risk aversion for the function vi1(·) to represent the risk preferences of agent i as mover 1:
vi( ˜Xi1)=
˜X1−rii1
1 − ri
(7)
Agent i is risk neutral if ri = 0, risk averse if ri > 0 and risk loving if ri < 0.8 Subjects
/media/loftslag/Public-Choice-2012---Teyssier---Inequity-and-risk-aversion-in-sequential-public-good-games.pdf
is the constant terrain-following temperature
lapse rate, and L is the constant atmospheric temperature lapse rate. The integral in (5) can then be
explicitly evaluated, giving
p(h(x;y);z) = p0
T0
T0 +LT h
g
LT R
T0 +LT h
T0 +LT h+Lz
g
LR
: (7)
The values of all atmospheric constants are given in Table 2. Based on the ideal gas law, air density
is then given by
r(h(x;y);z) = p(h(x;y);z)
RT (h(x;y
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf
& implementation
6. Information management & sharing
7. Finances and cost recovery
8. Risk management
9. Effectiveness of (international) regulation
As a useful starting point for operationalization, we
considered the River Basin Assessment framework devel-
oped by Raadgever et al. (2008). Raadgever et al. devel-
oped a framework including four regime elements (4–7).
Based on relevant literature (see
/media/loftslag/Huntjens_etal-2010-Climate-change-adaptation-Reg_Env_Change.pdf
area (total ice volume) is
the maximum x-value reached by each curve. The area distribution (left) will in a practical case
be determined from a glacier inventory for the watershed in question. The volume distribution
(right) is derived by transforming the area distribution with Equation (6) or (7) (see text for
explanation). Equation (6) with c = 0:048, g = 1:23 was used in the example shown
/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf
of land origin ▲•
Undetermined or unknown x
Table 3.3
Form of ice (Fa Fb Fc Fp Fs)
Element Floe size Symbo
l
Pancake ice - 0
Small ice cake; brash ice < 2 m 1
Ice cake 2-20 m 2
Small floe 20-100 m 3
Medium floe 100-500 m 4
Big floe 500 m-2 km 5
Vast floe 2-10 km 6
Giant floe > 10 km 7
Fast ice - 8
Icebergs, growlers or
floebergs
- 9
Undetermined or
unknown
- x
- 5 -
Annex I
Sample ice charts
from
/media/hafis/frodleikur/ice-chart_colour-code-standard.pdf
September 2014. The gray line represents relative displacement and the blue line the median value for 180 minutes. Earthquakes in the area are shown separately below (same x-axis, same timing). Enlarge.
The first two weeks as an example
Total subsidence from 12 Sept 2014 until 1 March 2015
The total subsidence of the glacier surface above the Bárðarbunga caldera since the equipment
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/gps-measurements/bardarbunga/caldera/
September 2014. The gray line represents relative displacement and the blue line the median value for 180 minutes. Earthquakes in the area are shown separately below (same x-axis, same timing). Enlarge.
The first two weeks as an example
Total subsidence from 12 Sept 2014 until 1 March 2015
The total subsidence of the glacier surface above the Bárðarbunga caldera since the equipment
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/gps-measurements/bardarbunga/caldera
the quality of the data. Therefore, a mobile X-band weather radar was purchased, but while this custom made radar was being assembled and tested, another was obtained on loan from the Italian Civil Protection Agency. The mobile radar is now situated near the town of Kirkjubæjarklaustur, 80 km from the eruption site in Grímsvötn. IMO staff members monitor the progress of the eruption using
/about-imo/news/nr/2183/
vedur@vedur.is
Veðurstofa Íslands
Bústaðavegur 7–9
108 Reykjavík
Sara Barsotti, Veðurstofa Íslands
Sigrún Karlsdóttir, Veðursstofa Íslands
Anna María Ágústsdóttir, Landgræðslan
Björn Oddsson, Almannavarnadeild Ríkislögreglustjóra
Íris Marelsdóttir, Embætti landlæknis
Þorvaldur Þórðarson, Jarðvísindastofnun H áskólans
Þórólfur Guðnason, Embætti landlæknis
Bogi B. Björnsson, Veðurstofa Íslands
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_004.pdf