the eruption, these systems monitored erup-
tion energy, plume height and dispersion, and
ashfall areas, thus facilitating real-time hazard
assessment.
In light of Grímsvötn’s remote location and
the small erupted volume (<0.1 km3) and
jökulhlaup size (~0.8 km3), the sensitivity and
performance of the systems applied show
great potential for monitoring future erup-
tions and jökulhlaups. Given
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf
in the CGPS network.
Receiver model Number of receivers
Trimble 4000 2
Trimble 4700 5
Trimble 5700 / R7 4
Trimble NetRS 39
Septentrio PolaRX2e 10
Ashtech Z-12 CGRS 2
Ashtech μZ-12/Martec Mira-Z 1
2.4 Communication
Remote communication with stations is mainly IP-based but some stations still rely on dial-
up modems. The dial-up modem technology is slowly being phased out
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2011/2011_005.pdf
m
J
M5 [C°] -3
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nce 1
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temperatu
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/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
The hydrological simulations were performed with the Wa-
tershed Simulation and Forecasting System (WSFS) developed
and operated in the Finnish Environment Institute (Vehviläinen
et al., 2005). The WSFS is used in Finland for operational hydrolog-
ical forecasting and flood warnings (www.environment.fi/water-
forecast/), regulation planning and research purposes
(Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
impact
The aerial monitoring of the eruption at Holuhraun has been set up
by using various remote sensing and in-situ instruments: cameras,
satellites and radars have been useful real-time monitoring tools to
follow the evolution of the ongoing eruption; DOAS, MultiGAS and
FTIR have been used for estimating the SO2 flux and the plume
composition; precipitation sampling and pH measurement have
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
ea
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/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
than can be expected to originate from the cauldrons, three to four times the wa-
ter equivalent of the accumulation of snow over the watershed of the cauldrons. It has
been estimated that flow from the cauldrons, in addition to the jökulhlaups, could be
2–5 m3 s 1 at maximum (Vatnaskil, 2005). It is possible that part of the sulfate-rich
groundwater from the glacier comes from the cauldrons
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf