experiments with the GISS climate model
(Hansen et al., 1983, 1984). Differences between the 1 CO2 and 2 CO2 equilibrium experiments
were used to estimate greenhouse effects. Interpolated to Stykkishólmur, the warming annually
was about 4 C, but ranging over the course of the year between 4.1–4.3 C from November to
April, and between 3.6–3.8 C from June to September. Thus the wintertime warming exceeded
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
The hydrological simulations were performed with the Wa-
tershed Simulation and Forecasting System (WSFS) developed
and operated in the Finnish Environment Institute (Vehviläinen
et al., 2005). The WSFS is used in Finland for operational hydrolog-
ical forecasting and flood warnings (www.environment.fi/water-
forecast/), regulation planning and research purposes
(Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
of
climate change on the energy sector are by many stakeholders considered uncertain and long-
term. Therefore, these topics may be less prioritised than other issues of more immediate (and
everyday) importance for the energy sector (such as mitigating greenhouse gas emissions,
maintenance etc.). All research was considered relevant by the “dialogue group”. The work
within the Risk Assessment
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf
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/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
than can be expected to originate from the cauldrons, three to four times the wa-
ter equivalent of the accumulation of snow over the watershed of the cauldrons. It has
been estimated that flow from the cauldrons, in addition to the jökulhlaups, could be
2–5 m3 s 1 at maximum (Vatnaskil, 2005). It is possible that part of the sulfate-rich
groundwater from the glacier comes from the cauldrons
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is a large framework that collects the
output from global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs) to project
future climatic changes due to anthropogenic activity. For this project, results from the fifth
10
phase of the project (referred to as CMIP5; for details, see Taylor et al., 2012) are used based
on two different greenhouse gas
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2022/VI_2022_006_extreme.pdf
of greenhouse gases.
Then again, this will most probably hit the most vulnerable harder because of their exposure and least
adaptive capacity.
- Developing countries will be most affected as most countries are in tropical and sub-tropical regions. In
addition, many workers lack work security and are paid according to output and as a result, workers might
in the future have to work longer hours
/media/loftslag/programme2---PhD-Workshop-preceding-Adaptation-Research-Conference.pdf
2005 until 2100 and select two periods as
a focus of this study; the mid-century (2041-2060) and the late-century (2081-2100).
Furthermore, we choose RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 as emission scenarios. The numbers 4.5 and
8.5 indicated the possible radiative forcing in W/m2 in the year 2100 compared to pre-
industrial values, and are a measure of the strength of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2017/VI_2017_009.pdf
water systems impacts and socio-economic impacts
(Fig. 2). The main uncertainties in the different steps are characterized (Table 1) with respect to
the sources and nature of uncertainty following our above typology. In our cascading process we
see that:
Future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cannot be known with certainty because they
depend on future human decisions and are characterised
/media/loftslag/2012-Refsgaard_etal-uncertainty_climate-change-adaptation-MITI343.pdf
on Climate
Change (IPCC) report states that global atmospheric con-
centrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) have increased
markedly since 1750 as a result of human activities
[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
2007]. IPCC predicts that GHG concentrations will continue
to rise during the present century at rates determined by
global economic development with significant impacts
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf