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  • 41. 2013_001_Nawri_et_al

    and a pressure of 1013.25 hPa. In the case of Iceland, the climate deviates significantly from these standard atmospheric conditions. Additionally, terrain elevation varies considerably across the island. Therefore, seasonal and annual differences in air density from the standard value, as well as spatial variability, need to be taken into account. Approximate air density can be calculated by assuming /media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf
  • 42. VI_arsskyrsla2020

    of the infrastructure had taken advantage of rapid technological development without assessing the risk to the security aspects of that same infrastructure. The government has called for concrete actions, mainly for the elec- tric grid, but also for communication and connectivity, transport infrastructure and measures regarding avalanche hazards. The Icelandic Met O?ce (IMO) has actively participated in this gap /media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_arsskyrsla2020.pdf
  • 43. VI_2015_009

    flood models 1–24 (Eqs. 8 and 9 applied with variables 1–12). Ratio between esti- mated and reference index flood (solid black line). The solid blue line corresponds to the reference index flood (Ratio=1), estimated as the arithmetic mean of the observed AMF sample and the dashed blue lines the 95% CI derived from the GEV distribution. Large red symbol indicates overall best model. 18 4.2.2 Flood /media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
  • 44. Daniell_etal-2010

    and evaluating impacts (see also Swallow et al. 2001, van Ast and Boot 2003). METHODS AND DATA This article is based on empirical data that originated from the analysis of the participatory exercise in the Dhuenn basin. The strong involvement of researchers from two research projects (NeWater[1] and ACER[2]) linked by a joint case study led to the variety of sources available for exploration, including /media/loftslag/Daniell_etal-2010.pdf
  • 45. Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling

    are labelled according to the geographical area of application. Examples such as Zürich and Hase II have already been reviewed and categorized in Hare et al. (2003) and Bots and van Daalen (2008), respectively. The entire Iskar process, of which Iskar (Phase I) is a part, has been categorized by Barreteau et al. (2010). All are included in this review to provide alternative analytical perspectives /media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
  • 46. Kok_et_al._TFSC_published_2011

    ]. There is ample experience with backcasting, and consequently much has been said about the underlying principles (e.g. [20]), the methodological 838 K. Kok et al. / Technological Forecasting & Social Change 78 (2011) 835851 Author's personal copy framework (e.g. [8,30–32]), and practical applications (e.g. [33–35]). Also the combination between backcasting and other types of scenarios has been /media/loftslag/Kok_et_al._TFSC_published_2011.pdf
  • 47. VI_2013_008

    on the use of analogues. Analogue-based methods have been used with success in streamflow forecasting. They are often referred to as nearest-neighbor methods (Karlsson & Yakowitz, 1987; Galeati, 1990; Akbari et al., 2011). The first step of the technique is to compare a current situation to all past situations collected in an historical archive, according to a set of attributes describing /media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/VI_2013_008.pdf
  • 48. VI_2015_007

    of Iceland, Science Institute, University of Iceland, and National Energy Authority. 2004), a soil map from the Agricultural University of Iceland and a vegetation map from the Icelandic Institute of Natural history were also used in this study. 8 Table 1. Main characteristics of river basins used in this study. Catchment Name Area Mean Mean annual Available period / (km2) elevation precipitation /media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
  • 49. Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal

    A second, but usually smaller, increase in runoff oc- curs in the autumn. In northern Finland more than 95% of annual maximum floods are caused by spring snowmelt (cf. Fig. 7a). Also the small upstream lakes in the northern part of the lake area and the northernmost of the coastal rivers fall mainly into this cat- egory. In most coastal rivers the major floods can be caused by either snowmelt /media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
  • 50. VI_2009_006_tt

    lake in a volcanic caldera in the interior of the Vatnajökull ice cap (Björns- son, 1988). Jökulhlaups from Grímsvötn have been known since at least the fourteenth century (Þórarinsson, 1939, 1974). In the beginning of the twentieth century there were about ten years between outbursts but the floods diminished with time and became more frequent. After a catastrophic, rapidly rising flood caused /media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf

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