and a river close to the site and a lake nearby. Elevation is 65 m above sea level, distance from the sea is 26 km and distance to towns of about 1000 inhabitants is about 15 km. This is an ideal inland background station at 64oN 21oW.
Since 1980, daily sampling has been done at Írafoss, monitoring sulphur concentrations and related substances. In fact, daily sampling was done at Rjúpnahæð
/pollution-and-radiation/pollution/
Dominant height (m)
Basal area just
after thinning
area threshold
60 80 100 120
Energy wood (Mg ha-1)
60 80 100 120 60 80 100 120
17
Findings: ecosystem CO2 balance
548.4
400
600
7.8
150.4
0
200
-200
O
2
m
-
2
-390.86
-600
-400
g
C
O
1000
-800
-1097.6-1200
-
Management Litter Humus
18
Emissions Capture Balance
Conclusions
• Large amount of unutilised energy biomass are available in Finland
• Climate
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf
elevation contour lines are drawn at 1000 mASL, indicating roughly
the extent of the glaciers.
15
3 Radiation fluxes at the surface
With increasing time past the summer solstice (20 June 2012), the solar energy per unit area
received at the Earth’s surface, for the same cloud and snow conditions, decreases due to the
shorter days and lower sun altitude angles. The characteristics of the solar cycle
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
of drift ice and temperature in Iceland in 1000 years. Jökull 19, 95?101.
Þorvaldur Thoroddsen 1916-1917. Árferði á Íslandi í þúsund ár. Hið íslenska fræðafélag, Kaupmannahöfn 1916-1917, 432 s.
Jón Eyþórsson 1949. Temperature variations in Iceland. Í Mannerfelt, C. M. (ed.), Glaciers and climate: geophysical and geomorphological essays dedicated to Hans W:son Ahlmann. Svenska sällskapet för
/climatology/articles/nr/1138
of drift ice and temperature in Iceland in 1000 years. Jökull 19, 95?101.
Þorvaldur Thoroddsen 1916-1917. Árferði á Íslandi í þúsund ár. Hið íslenska fræðafélag, Kaupmannahöfn 1916-1917, 432 s.
Jón Eyþórsson 1949. Temperature variations in Iceland. Í Mannerfelt, C. M. (ed.), Glaciers and climate: geophysical and geomorphological essays dedicated to Hans W:son Ahlmann. Svenska sällskapet för
/climatology/articles/nr/1138/
are photographs, maps and graphs that show the main results of measurements
and analyses that are available, now two weeks after the event.
Width of fracture line: 800 m
Vertical drop: 350 m
Runout length beyond the lake shore: ~1000 m
Volume: ~30–50 million m³
Estimated duration of the slide: 20 seconds according to seismographs
Travel time of tsunami across the lake: 1–2 minutes
/media/ofanflod/myndasafn/frodleikur/askja_minnisblad_ens.pdf
= 66
IFM cross−validation
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
ll
l
ll
0 400 800 1200
0
50
0
100
0
150
0
Pred. (m³/s)
R
ef
. (m
³/s
)
µ(D)=(θ0)(AP)(θ1)
Rel. RMSE= 0.54
NS= 0.95
MAE= 52
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
ll
l
ll
0 500 1000
0
50
0
100
0
200
0
Pred. (m³/s)
R
ef
. (m
³/s
)
µ(D)=(θ0)(AP Z)(θ1)
Rel. RMSE= 1.1
NS= 0.71
MAE= 111
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
ll
l
ll
0 400 800 1200
0
50
0
100
0
150
0
Pred. (m³/s)
R
ef
. (m
³/s
)
µ(D)=(θ0)(AP L)(θ1
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
to make an SO2 flux
measurement by walking along the edge of the lava field (Photo: Elísabet
Pálmadóttir).The
gas released from the eruption has been spreading over Iceland in the past 6
months. The area most impacted is northwest of the eruption. Short-lived peaks
in SO2 ground concentration over 1000 microgram/m3 have
been measured in a few instances in Njarðvík (Figure 9) and Vogar for example
/about-imo/news/the-small-eruption-in-fagradalsfjall-celebrates-six-months