Appendix – near-field constraint ........................................................................................ 35
III Appendix – PGV and PGA versus distance for all events ................................................. 36
List of figures
Figure 1. Map of SW Iceland showing the epicenters of 46 earthquakes used in the study.. 10
Figure 2. CMT-moment magnitude estimates vs
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_012.pdf
towards the northern part of Vatnajökull.
Table 8 – Median 1M5 values (mm 24-h-1) for eleven hydropower catchments with and
without climate projections for the period 2080 – 2100.
Catchment
1M5 median value
mm 24-h-1
Original
RCP 2.6 RCP 8.5
10% 50% 90% 10% 50% 90%
Blönduvirkjun 48 41 49 58 42 50 61
Búðarháls 46 40 47 56 40 48 59
Hágöngulón 63 55 65 76 55 66 81
Hálslón 85 75 88 104
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2022/VI_2022_006_extreme.pdf
M
(171FT
)
FRE
Q
UENCIE
S
(PE
R
CENT
)
O
F
OCCU
R
RENC
E
O
F
CONCURREN
T
WIN
D
DIRECTIO
N
(I
N
30
0
SEC
T
ORS
)
AN
D
SPEE
D
(I
N
KN
O
TS
)
WITHI
N
SPECIFIE
D
RANGE
S
ANN
U
A
L
WIN
D
WIN
D
SPEE
D
(KT)
)
DIRECTIO
N
CAL
M
1–
5
6–1
0
11–1
5
16–2
0
21–2
5
26–3
0
31–3
5
36–4
0
41–4
5
46–5
0
>5
0
T
O
T
A
L
V
ARIABL
E
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
35-36-0
1
3
2
3
3
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
14
02-03-0
4
0
2
4
4
3
1
0
0
/media/vedur/aerodrome_summaries_20140603.pdf
Construction
• Using the same method we can estimate
what the reduction in damages would have
been if the best construction practices were
in place in all homes.
• Potential damage reduction, based on this
method, would have been as much as $46
million or 25% less than the permit value of
$182 million
Potential Economic Impact of
Better Construction
• Another useful comparison is to look
/media/loftslag/FMI_-_Disaster_Mitigation.pdf
regional temperature
and precipitation change estimates for Europe under four SRES scenarios applying
a super-ensemble pattern-scaling method. Clim. Change, 81, 193-208.
7
Räisänen, J. and K. Ruosteenoja, 2008: Probabilistic forecasts of temperature and pre-
cipitation change based on global climate model simulations. CES deliverable 2.2,
46 pp. Available from http://www.atm.helsinki.fi
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_solar_CMIP3.pdf
been
used to downscale over Iceland the 6-hourly analysis of the ECMWF over a pe-
riod of 46 years. A systematic comparison with observed precipitation for the
sub-period 1987–2003 has been presented as well as comparison of simulated
discharge with observed discharge. The main results are:
Table 1: Comparison of observed and simulated discharge [m3s−1] at six discharge stations
using unscaled
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf